Case Analysis - Jennifer Essay Example for Free

Case Analysis Jennifer EssayPhysician assisted suicide (PAS) is a common involvement in some of the states where it is legally allowed. But, many people believe that the advocacy of Physician assisted suicide (PAS) is morally and ethically wrong . This paper analyses the case study of a Leukaemia enduring Jenifer with respect to medically assisted death.Introduction Jenifer was a leukaemia patient who denied the treatment because of the complexity in the treatment and the limited anticipated success percentage.She was ready to give the destiny and thought that her remaining time in the world is precious and it is not for spending in the hospital beds just like the recently died far-famed British celebrity Joe Goody. Though many of her close relatives tried to change her decisions, she has rejected all the treatment options. She has asked her close friend and nurse, Donna to give her some medications which may end her disembodied spirit in order to escape from the painful action.People have different opinions about Physician assisted suicide (PAS). Proponents of mercy killing argue that it is better to assist a person medically to terminate his life, if he/she is in a pathetic condition and no hope for a survival eon the critics believe that nobody has the justly to take the life since nobody can recreate it artificially. Even amidst the huge development of science and technology still the mysteries surrounding the birth and death is still unknown.Nobody knows from where we come and where we go and because of that life has precious value. The creator has certain mission to fulfil while sending the person to earth and only he has the right to call the person back once the mission is completed. It is ethically wrong to act against the entrust of the creator. In order to be accountable, nurses act under a code of ethical conduct that is grounded in the moral principles of fidelity and respect for the dignity, worth, and self-determination of pati ents.Nurses ar accountable for judgments made and actions taken in the course of nursing practice, irrespective of health care organizations policies or providers directives (ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statement) Human life is so important and the every attempt of the nurse should be to preserve the human life. Nurses can take any actions to protect the life of a patient. At the same time a nurse should not be directd in any sort of actions which may put the patients life in jeopardy.In the given case, Donna is not only a nurse, but a real friend as well for Jenifer. Both of them had close wound up attachments and relationships. So, Donna may be in an agony whether to allow Jennifer to die by giving her medications needed for that, or not. Donna was a friend and at the same time, a nurse. She should give priority to her profession and professional ethics in this situation. It is a fact that Jenifer is suffering from severe pain and it is difficult for Donna t o remain helpless.Only thing Donna can do in these circumstances is try to lift the morale of Jenifer using some counseling techniques. Donna is primarily a nurse and she may be attached to many people through friendship relationships. It is not possible for her to assist all the suffering people or the people in no hope condition to die. Her profession is intended for saving the life rather than ending it. Even the doctors, who have the primary authority of treating the patients, often confused and hesitated to engage in activities related to mercy killing even if it is legally allowed.A nurse has no role in taking the decisions about mercy killing. It should be decided by the patient, doctor and the relatives of the patient. Conclusions Human life is so precious and mysterious so that nobody should attempt to finish it deliberately. Only the creator has the right to make modifications in his creations. Creator should have the right to destroy or sustain the life. Since no human ha s so far succeeded in creating a life, he has no authority to take it.

Cell-cell Interaction in Embryo Development

Cell- cellular phoneular phone Interaction in Embryo DevelopmentThe formation of vulva depends upon a warrant round of cell-cell interaction. The anchor cell (located in the gonad) and six precursor cells (located in the skin adjacent to the gonad) be involved in this interaction. The precursor cells argon conjointly called Pn.p cells, which contains cells named as P3.p to P8.p. The fate of these cells is determined by its position relative to the anchor cell. The studyal pathways of these cells are presented in Fig.11.8. During third gear larval stage, the lin-3 broker is activated in the anchor cell, and issues the communicate protein LIN-3, which is tie in to vertebrate epidermal growth factor (EGF). The precursor cells express a receptor encoded by let-23 gene, which is homologous to the vertebrate EGF receptor. The top of LIN-3 protein and LET-23 receptor, trigger a series of intracellular flushts that determines whether the precursor cells will form the primary vul val precursor cell or secondary vulval cells. sportsman let-23 gene sends no signal and thus Pn.p cells cannot act, and vulva is not formed.Usually, P6.p cell, the closest cell to the anchor cell, receives the strongest signal initiated by LIN-3 binding to LET-23. Expression of the Vulvaless (Vul) gene (a mutant pheno typesetters case) in P6.p is activated by this signal, and then divides three ms to produce vulva cells. The P5.p and P7.p, the dickens neighbouring cells, receives lower amount of signal, and divide asymmetrically to form additional vulva cells.Thereafter, a third level of cell-cell interaction occurs, in which the primary vulval cell P6.p sends a signal that activates lin-12 gene in P5.p and P7.p cells. This signal prevents these cells from adopting the division pattern of the primary cell. Thus, cells in which both Vul and lin-12 are active cannot become primary vulva cells. On the other hand, P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p cells do not receive any signal from the anchor ce ll, but the Multivulva (Muv) gene is expressed. Muv gene product represses the fashion of Vul gene and they groom as skin cells. Thus three levels of cell-cell interactions are involved in the schoolingal pathway steer to vulva formation in the nematode C. elegans.CELL-CELL INTERACTION IN DEVELOPMENTCell-cell interaction is an important phenomenon in the development of the embryo in eukaryotic organisms. Animals use a number of signalling pathway to regulate development after organogenesis. Signal networks establish anterior-posterior polarity and body axis, coordinate pattern formation, and direct the differentiation of wavers and organs.One of the widely studied cell-cell interaction is Notch signalling pathway, named after the Drosophila mutants that were utilize to identify components of this pathway. The Notch gene encodes a transmembrane signal receptor (Fig.11.9). The signal itself is a transmembrane protein called Delta, and encoded by the gene Delta. The Notch signal sy shank works only between adjacent cells. First the Delta protein binds to the Notch receptor, which triggers cleaving of the cytoplasmic tail of the Notch protein and then moves to the kernel where it binds to a protein encoded by the Su(H) (suppressor of Hairless) gene. Following this a set of genes becomes activated that controls a specific developmental pathway directing cell fate.One of the single-valued functions of the Notch signal sy halt is to specify the fate of equivalent cells in a population. Thus action of Notch signalling system may send signal to two neighbouring cells that are developmentally equivalent, towards different developmental pathways. Four members of the Notch family (Notch 1 to Notch 4) have been identified in valets. Several human developmental disorders have been related to mutations in these genes. These include alagille syndrome (AGS), spondylocostal dysostosis (SD), and lymphoblastic leukemia.STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENTStem cells are un cross o ffd cells that are capable to check off into different types of specialized cells. Stem cells are unremarkably strand in two main sources in embryos which are at blastodermic vessicle stage of embryological development (embryonic stem cells), and in adult tissues (adult stem cells). These cells are generally characterized by their likely to break into different cell types, for example muscle, blood, skin, bone etc.Human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development (4-5 days old) is the excellent source of embryonic stem cells. Formation of single cell zygote through fusion of male sperm with females egg is the beginning of sexual reproduction process. This is followed by a series of mitotic divisions in a single cell zygote which leads to the formation of a cell mass containing approximately 12-16 cells. This is known as blastocyst before it is im objectted in uterus (4-6 days old). Blastocyst can be differentiated into an inside(a) cell mass (embryoblast) and an out er cell mass (trophoblast). Trophoblast becomes the part of placenta and cells of embryoblast differentiate into all the structures of an adult organism. This embryoblast is the source of embryonic stem cells which are totipotent. During normal pregnancy, the blastocyst stage of embryo continues by the end of the tenth week of gestation.When embryonic stem cells are extracted from the blastocyst stage and placed onto a culture metier (a nutrient-rich neckcloth) contained in culture vessels, they divide and replicate, but fail to differentiate. This happens, as necessary stimulation to differentiate (in the in vivo conditions) is lacking in the in-vitro conditions. barely, they maintain their ability to differentiate into different type of cells in human body.Adult or somatic stem cells present throughout the body inside different type of tissues even after embryonic development. Tissues like, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, brain, skeleton muscle, skin and the liver are good s ource of adult stem cells. These cells remain in resting assign for years until activated by disease or tissue injury. Adult stem cells have property of division and self renewal which enables them to regenerate complete organ. Earlier it was believed that adult stem cells have the potential to differentiate only to the cell type of their originating tissue or organ, but according to some upstart evidence they can differentiate to other cell types as well.Embryonic stem cells are easier to grow chthonic in-vitro conditions as compared to adult stem cells. For culturing of stem cells, they are extracted from either adult cells or from dividing zygotes. Once spaced, they can be cultured in culture dishes containing culture broth under controlled conditions. The nutrient broth allows them to divide and replicate, but prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating. Once proliferation of stem cells starts successfully, they are subcultured on fresh medium in order to en hance the growth rate. The gathering of well-preserved, dividing, and undifferentiated stem cells, after first subculture, is called as stem cell line. Once under control, these stem cell lines can be stimulated to differentiate into specialized cells, a process known as directed differentiation. Based on their potential to differentiate into other types of cells, stem cells are classified into the following categories.Totipotent those cells which are able to differentiate into all possible cell types. Example, few cells which are obtained through initial divisions of the zygote.Pluripotent those cells which are able differentiate into more or less all cell types. Example, embryonic stem cells which are derived from the endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal layers of blastocyst.Multipotent those cells which are able to differentiate into closely related family of cells. Example, hematopoietic stem cells that has the potential to form red/white blood cells and platelets.Oligopote nt those cells which are able to differentiate into a few cells. Example, lymphoid and myeloid stem cells.Unipotent those cells which are able to produce cells of their own type, but have the property of self-renewal. Example, adult cower stem cell.For identification of stem cells, it is important to note that they are undifferentiated and capable of self-renewal. These two parameters are normally checked through lab tests for identification of stem cells. Bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are tested by transplanting these cells to an individual from which HSCs are removed. The production of new blood and immune cells in that individual indicates the self renewal potency of stem cells. Colonogenic assay (a laboratory procedure) is also used to test the potency of stem cells. Routine examination of chromosomal can also be done to check whether the cells are healthy and undifferentiated. Sometime spontaneous or induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells under cell c ulture conditions indicates their pluripotent nature. Other tests include administration of stem cells into an immunosupressed mouse and observe it for the formation of a teratoma, which is a benign tumour containing a mixture of differentiated cells.Applications of Stem CellsIt is important to note that every cell and tissue in the body of an individual is develop and differentiate from initial few stem cells which form during primal stages of embryological development. Therefore, embryonic stem cell can be induced to differentiate into any other type of cells. Due to this regeneration potential, stem cells have been used by researchers to regenerate damaged tissues and organs under the right conditions. Usually damaged organs are replaced by healthy organs donated by someone. But the demand far exceeds the supply of organs. Particular type of tissue or organ could potentially be developed from stem cells, if directed to differentiate in a certain way. For example, stem cells that present righteous beneath the skin tissue have been used to regenerate new skin tissue and then grafted on to burn victims successfully.Another potential cover is replacement of cells and tissue for treatment of brain disease like Parkinsons and Alzheimers. If the damaged tissue can be replenished by specialized tissue derived from stem cells such diseases can be treated for recovery.In the near future it may be possible to transplant healthy heart cells developed in a laboratory from stem cells into the patients with heart disease, thereby repopulating the heart with healthy tissue. Similarly it may be possible to replace damaged pancreatic cells by insulin producing cells derived from stem cell, to treat type l diabetic patients.For the treatment of diseases like leukemia, sickle cell anemia and other immunodeficiencies, adult hematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow and blood have been used. All type of blood cells (erythrocytes as well as leukocytes) can be developed fro m HSC. However it is difficult to isolate hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow. Alternatively, hematopoietic cells are also found in the umbilical cord and placenta, from which they can be isolated easily. Realizing its potential use, umbilical cord blood banks have been established to store these powerful cells for their future use.Therapeutic cloning or somatic cell atomic transfer (SCNT) technique involves replacement of genetic material from a somatic cell (say from skin cell) into an unfertilized egg cell in order to develop patient specific stem cells. In this procedure, since sperms are not involved fertilization does not occur. Foetus is also not involved because the groups of cells from which the stem cells are obtained are not implanted in the uterus.Stem cells which are developed through SCNT technique have more potential for therapeutic applications. The chances of rejection by patients body are less because their genetic makeup is identical to patients genetic makeup. Through SCNT, disease specific cell lines can be developed which are used for in-vitro studies to understand the mechanism of disease development and mode of action of certain drugs which may be used to treat these diseases.Stem cell research is also useful for understanding development of human after formation of fertilized zygote. Undifferentiated stem cells eventually differentiate partly because of turning on or off of particular gene(s). Thus research on stem cell may help to clarify the role of specific genes that play in determining how specialized cells and tissues are formed.Stem cell research is also being pursued to develop new drugs. reasoning(a) human tissues which are developed through stem cells can be used to evaluate the effect of new drug rather than using human volunteers.Table.11.1. Segmentation gene loci in DrosophilaGap genesPair-role genesSegment polarity genesGiantEver skippedArmadilloHuckebeinFushi tarazuCubitis interruptusHunchbackHairyDisheveledK ruppel unrivalled pairedEngrailedKnirpsOdd skippedFusedTaillessRuntGooseberrySloppy pairedHedgehogNakedPairedPatchedWinglessFigure CaptionsFig. 11.1. Early stages of embryonic development in Drosophila. A cascade of gene activation sets up theDrosophilabody plan. Thematernal-effect genes, named as bicoid and nanos, are active during oogenesis. The products of these genes are found in the egg at the time of fertilization, and form morphogen gradients. These proteins function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of gap genes. The gap genes are responsible for the differentiation of anterior-posterior axis on embryo on its length. Proteins which are encoded by gap genes also function as transcription factors and regulate the expression of the pair-rule genes. Thepair-rule genesare responsible for differentiation of pairs of segments on embryo. musical arrangement factors which are encoded by pair-rule genes regulate the expression of thesegment polarity genes. The e xpression of segment polarity genes leads the development of anterior/posterior axis of each segment. The gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes are collectively involved in segment patterning hence they are known as segmentation genes.Fig. 11.2. The hierarchy of genes involved in establishing the segmented body plan in Drosophila. Gene products from the maternal genes regulate the expression of the first three groups of zygotic genes (gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity, collectively called the segmentation genes), which in turn control the expression of the homeotic genes.Fig. 11.3. Progressive restriction of cell fate during development in Drosophila.Fig. 11.4. Overlapping of regions containing two different gene products can generate new patterns of gene expression. Transcription factors A and B are present in overlapping region 3, of expression. If both the transcription factors must bind to the promoter of a target gene to trigger expression, the gene will be active only in cells containing both factors (most likely in the zone of overlap). There shall be no transcription in individually in the region 1 and 2.Fig. 11.5. Cell arrangement in the floral meristem. (a) The four concentric rings, or whorls, labeled 1-4, influenced by genes A, B, and C in the manner shown, give rise to the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, respectively, (b) The arrangement of these organs in the mature flower.Fig. 11.6. A truncated cell lineage chart for C. elegans, showing early divisions and the tissues and organs that eventually result. Each vertical line represents a cell division, and horizontal lines connect the two cells produced.Fig. 11.7. An adult Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite.Fig. 11.8. Cell lineage determination in C. elegans vulva formation.Fig. 11.9. Components of the Notch signalling pathway in Drosophila.

Overrepresentation Of Minority Students In Special Education Programs

Overrepresentation Of Minority Students In Special Education ProgramsOverrepresentation or disproportionality of minority students in special upbringing programs is an ongoing hassle that has plagued our nation for several decades. Overrepresentation can occur in many beas but is most prevalent when considering a students ethnicity. Disproportionality upholds to the extent to which membership in a addicted group affects the probability of existence placed in a specific disability category (Oswald, Coutinho, Best, Singh, 1999, p. 198). For example, g everyplacenment reports overhear revealed that African American students constitute everywhere 14% of the school-age population yet they represent 20% of the students placed in special teaching method (Losen Orfield, 2002). Klinger et al., (2005) reported that African American students are twice as likely than White students to be labeled as mentally retarded, one time more likely to be labeled as learning disabled, and over o ne and half times as likely to have an emotional or behavioral disorder.Disproportionate representation of ethnic and racial minorities has historical connections to program lineal segregation and discrimination. Dunn (1968) first raised concerns more or less this issue in the sixties. He described the disproportionate number of minority students being labeled as mentally retarded and placed in self-contained classrooms which raised significant educational and civil right concerns. Ferri and Connor (2005) have also maintained that disproportionality has historical roots. After schools were merged in 1954, fol blueing the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the number of African American students placed in special education programs increased. Students were being grouped or placed according to their academic ability. This practice resulted in many African American students being grouped together in low ability tracks and many were subsequently referred for spec ial education services. Hence, over referring African American students for special education became a nonher way to resegregate students of color.Some people would beg that placing a student in special education would greatly benefit the student because he or she would receive more individualized attention to enshroud their disability and other needs. However, disproportionality often presents negative implications for minority students. Once African American students are identified as having a disability, deemed eligible for special education services, and placed in a special education setting they are more like to remain in special education classes doneout their years in school. They are more likely to receive a watered down curriculum that is not as rigorous as the curriculum that the students in cosmopolitan education receives. These students are segregated from their general education peers when placed in more restrictive settings. Disabled students are often stigmatized and treated other than by other students in their schools. Lastly, to further exacerbate the problem, overrepresentation may also cause some students to be misclassified or inappropriately identified as having a disability.Disproportionality is a complex problem that has been linked to multiple factors depending on the school and/or school rule. Probable causes of disproportionality include psychometric test bias, socio-demographic factors, unequal probability in general education, and cultural mismatch between teacher and student (Skiba, et. al, 2008). Research has also suggested that bias at the prereferral stage of the special education eligibility make for is a cause for disparity of African American students being placed in special education (Darley Gross, 1983). As a former special education teacher, I have participated in several meetings with a purpose of deciding which placement is appropriate for a student previously identified as having a disability. On several occasi ons, I have asked the referring general education teacher his or her reasons for referring the student for special education services and was surprised to receive such vague and potentially bias explanations. For example, one teacher told me that she referred a student for behavioral issues because at times, he was stubborn and refused to do his work. Another teacher told me that she referred a student because he presented challenging behaviors such as talking out without permission and he often contradicted the teachers answers or explanations to the class which infuriated the teacher. When questioned further about the interventions used before referral, the teachers response were more ambiguous and peppered with a lack of knowledge of appropriate intervention strategies. The purpose of this study is to determine the personal characteristics of the general education teachers that have the greatest influence on their decision to refer minority students for special education. The st udy allow for address the following research questions through a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative researchTo what extent if any, does a general education teachers years of experience, teaching level, training in classroom management and intervention strategies, education level, ethnicity, age, and gender impact disparity at the prereferral stage of the special education eligibility address?What impact does a general education teachers efficacy and perceptions of minority student characteristics bias their referral of minority students for special education services?What is the placement rate of the students being referred for special education services by the general education teachers?This study pass on focus on the students being referred for academic and/or behavioral issues because these are the main reasons why minority students are referred for special education services. As a result of this study, I hope to be able to extend the available literature on potentia l teacher bias during the prereferral stage of the special education process. My ultimate goal is to decrease the numbers of African American students being referred for special education services when the referral is not warranted or questionable.Conceptual FrameworkDisproportionality is a widespread problem that continues to affect minority students. Patterns of consistent disproportionality are evident and have been studied extensively for years.Oswald et al. (1999) examined the order of magnitude of overrepresentation by analyzing extant data from the 1992 Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights Compliance Report to describe the extent of disproportionate representation of African American students labeled as seriously emotionally disturbed (SED) and mildly mentally retarded (MMR). They also wanted to determine the extent to which economic, demographic, and educational variables at the district level were associated with disproportional identification for this ethnic group. Zhang and Katsiyannis (2002) used data extracted from three federal government publications to find out whether or not there have been any recent improvements or changes in overrepresentation of minorities in special education. Although, there has been some debate concerning how disproportionality should be measured and the extent of the problem, overrepresentation continues to occur with no determinate causes. Researchers have also been unsuccessful in identifying real solutions to eradicate this phenomenon.Previous studies have examined many aspects of disproportionality including bias in problem solving and the social process of student study teams and teacher efficacy and student problem as factors in special education referral. Yet, research is somewhat limited and has mainly cerebrate on the magnitude and possible causes of disproportionality. There appears to be a gap in the literature when examining personal factors that affect the general education teachers decision to r efer a student for special educations services. This study will fill this gap by examining factors that influence referral and subsequently results in disparity. An in-depth analysis of teachers efficacy and perceptions of minority students will also be examined to determine if these factors impact disproportionality.The cognitive theory of social learning coined by Alfred Bandura will inform my approach to understanding the phenomena of disproportionality with regards to teacher efficacy. instructor efficacy will be analyzing to determine its role in the prereferral stage of the special education process. I will examine the general education teachers public opinion that he or she may or may not be capable of bringing about desired changes in their students. Teacher efficacy will take account of two dimensions, judgments and personal beliefs. Disproportionality will also be approached from an ecological perspective framework to understand how special education referrals are influe nced by personal characteristics of the referring teacher. The teacher factors that will be explored will also note the influence of ascriptive characteristics, characteristics that cannot be changed such as age, gender, ethnicity, etc., on disparity.

Critical evaluation of leadership theories

Critical evaluation of leading theoriesdrawing cardship is process in which a leader givers the dissolvent to his followers and ask them to take actions beside him. Leaders aim close to capabilities to tackle with some issue and problems and he who take the initiative c totallyed a leader and when concourse follows him, then it come out as a leadership. Leader is person who has some born(p) qualities and all of his followers like and appreciate him because of his leadership qualities. Leader is person who learns, who is enough energize and acts in such(prenominal) a way those people respects him and follows him, and he develop himself in such way that execute empower with authorities and recognize achievements.Leaders have some born qualities and these qualities assured him to be a leader and lead a team. Some of his skills ar born, but some of them he adopts from the day life and from past experiences.According to Mitchell (2008) leading has been seen as the focus of group p rocesses, as the individualisedity attribute, as art hunt down of inducing compliance, as an exercise of influence, as a dispelicular kind of act, as a form of persuasion, as power relation, as an instrument in the attainment of the goals, as an effective of interaction, as a differentiated role and as the initiation of structure.According to Bernard M. rich (2006)An interaction between two or more members of a group that often involves a structuring or restructuring of the situation and the perceptions and expectation of the members.Effective leadership always tries to achieve the goals of the organizations smartly, and completion of all jobs is guaranteed by effective leadership.Leadership has a classical report and now this is a modern way of directing the organizations and management of these organizations. Leader is person who motives these followers and sustain a famous person because of his leadership qualities, leader is figure of any organizations how meets with other people and directs them as a figure head. Leader is person who manages the managers in fact leaders have some attributes of managers in his leadership so leaders atomic number 18 someone who directs the managers. In big organizations leaders move nigh outside(a) in multinational companies and on small level leaders ar meant to be as figure head.Ingredients of leadershipLeaders moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) have the following ingredients within them (Kondalkar 2009). world power to use power effectivelyA born leader inherit power and he knows how to use it, he as well as know the legitimate way of using this power, by this is become successful to achieve expert power, referent power, reward and coercive power . This ability makes him authoritative.Ability to comprehend large number of civilization have different mood and behaviors and these mood and behaviors changes with time, to understand these natures is a tough task, but one successful leader must have t his comprehended ingredient in him. This ability to comprehend his followers gives him more respect among his flowers and they start believing him more because leader is more into their personal lives to understand their expectations.Ability to inspireFollowers always tries to perform according to their leader and they depict inspire from him, he is does is always in the notice of his followers. People get inspire by the devotion, charismatic personality and his appeal in the favor of their willing.Leadership styleIn the leadership style firstly, leader must be devoted to his passion to lead his people and secondly he must create the sense of motivation among his followers. He must develop a way where he pile influence his followers for the effective and efficient performance. He should indentify what leadership traits must be there in the personality of a leader and how to use these leadership abilities and skills.If we talk about the leadership style then it is most important t o talk about the skills these leaders have. Mainly these skills atomic number 18 categories into three main split that ar useable in different levels and situations (Kondalkar 2009).Human skillsOne leader must be human to his followers, this skills is busheled with interpersonal relations with his subordinated and all the other persons who are in relation with leader. A leader influences, motivates and ask his followers to be obedient on all his sage sayings.Conceptual skillsThis skill revolves around the strategic and authoritative level this kinds ability is useful in taking long term and in strategic planning. As all followers considers the leader an influential personal so they all thinks him reliable to believe on.Technical skillsA leader must be skillful good in technical skills, by this the subordinates have trust that their leaders knows all and can take out them from any technical fault happens in organization.Leadership styles and theoriesFollowings are different typ es of leadership styles which are actually implementation of classical and modern leadership theories.Great manTo answer the question what is the residual between leadership and in an individual? Great man supposition came up. This possibility gives foundation to all theories. The foundation or the critical point of this theory was all leaders are great man and all of them come from a nobel and social background, all these great man are good planner, coordinators, achievers, organizers and controllers. by and by Great Man theory philosopher tried to joint some traits to leadership theories. So, as a result trait theory came up. trace TheoryTrait theory is basically come from the foundation of Great man theory. In great man theory it has been discussed that all the leaders have some born qualities and in trait theory philosophers tries to identify those qualities and skills (Stogdill, 1974). These skills are the main objective of this theory. It says that leader and some traits and skills with them. Every theory have some assumption with it, traits theory have following assumptions associated with it it says that it is assumed that leaders are born with inherit traits, these traits are part of their own personalities and which distinguish them from others, the good leaders adopt some of traits and skills by the time they become leaders.Autocratic Leadership styleIn these style leaders uses downwards communication style from leaders to subordinates. This style is relevant when there is quick decision is required and large number of un-skills employees are there. In this style suggestions from employees are not being entertained (Lewin 1939).Participative Leadership appearanceThis is democratize kind of style, here leaders involves their followers in to the decision making process and all the decision taken by the leaders are participative by their followers. A leader motivates his employees to take decisions and he entertains their suggestions. This style en courages employees to work with more efforts.Free rein style Leadership StyleIn the style leader allows his teams to take decisions at their own and work freely. It gives the sense of responsibility and authority to the teams and they feel good to work at their own. precaution GridManagement grid has two directionsManagement have concern of people, andManagement concern of productionAll together it contributes 81 different leadership styles. Following interpret entails this model.picture_blake_mouton_managerial_grid.gifFive main leadership styles indentified by gird areImprovised management Style They put less effort but tries to get work done. This is sort of lazy approach.Country Club management Style Here the management tries to help the employees to get their job done, management want that all the organisational objectives must meet so they care about the employees.Middle of the Road Style Organization-Man Management There is balance in between the efforts and people at work. Here labors or the staffs dont put much effort to get the job done but still they can put more efforts.Produce or perish Style Authority-Obedience Management In the style of management there is a strong focus on task, but not much concern about the people at work and firing (wherever possible) of people is also part of this style.Team Style Team Management Here people are committed to work as teams (Blake Mouton, 1964) citied by Alan Bryman, A. (1986).Contingency approach to leadershipIt says that no leadership style is appropriate in all kind of situations. They pick out to change their selves from time to time and situation tot situation. It depends upon the different variable to take the responsibilities and to change their behaviors.According to Martin, B. (2006) Any situation plays a large part in determining qualities and the leader in situation and the leadership qualities and the product of previous leadership situation that molded individual.Path-Goal theoryThis theory accompanies contingency and situational leadership theory but in path-Goal theory has some different variables which are important in leadership. Path-Goal theory can be defined as this is all about leaders who motivate their followers to grasp the goals and tasks asked them to complete (Rowe, W. Guerrero, L. 2010).SubordinatesObstacles In the path goal leadership, a leader makes it possible to motivate followers to accomplish the task and ask their followers to walk through these defined paths to achieve goals and objectives. Leader thinks to clarify the goals and task so that a followers easily get their defined goals. Path-Goal theory can be elaborated through flowering diagram.Goal / Productivity Path PathPath-Goal LeadershipDefines GoalsClarify pathsRemoves obstaclesProvide raisemagnetic leadershipAccording to Walden, M. Thoms, P. (2007) Charismatic Leadership describes a style of leadership that is inspiring and stimulating.These leaders attract and influence their followe r by their magic spell and personality. Some of assumptions are associated with charismatic leadership that is as follows They have charm and grace in their personalities that influences followers. They are confidence and have belief on their selves. Charismatic leader makes their group of people and make them prominent and different from other group of people and they stick to these groups and become leaders of that group.Transactional Theory and Transformational TheoryBass (2006) says that transformational leaders always influence their followers and get respect and admiration.There are few assumptions of this theoryPeople must aware of the responsibilities and importance of the work.They must work in teams to enhance productivity.Ruth Chambers. R, (2007) Transactional leadership concerns maintenance and monitoring of a pre-existing service, having an operational rather than a strategic focus.There are few assumptions if transactional theories areTeams must be motivated through r ewards and punishments.One should have social relationships to have great command.Their sole purpose must be that they work what they have asked to do.Part TwoDetermine leadership approaches relevant for the 21st century, drawing on theories and tools as practiced by leading international organizations.Leadership models and susceptibility frameworksIn different organization different model of leadership are being operational and they have sat their own competency frame work. Some of renowned organizational and their competency frame works are as follows.To elaborate leadership models and competency frame work we can describe in through following examples.Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Co. (3M)MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING CO (3M) has defined leadership and competency model in such a way.Fundamental Leadership CompetenciesEssential Leadership CompetenciesVisionary Leadership CompetenciesIt shows that these competencies may be shown by the individual at the time of hiring and wi th time it unquestionable by individuals progression.It must show commitment and integrity to the corporate values of the organization.It must be capable of handling technical situations and also communicate understandably and concisely.Must have sound knowledge to deal with the corporate challenges.It shows that now individual will develop essential skills as he becomes the part or department and the unit.It gives the value to customer and makes customer happy.Here they selects and retain the developed staff and work force and respects their contribution and individuality.Motivation and encouragements may be provided to upgrade their moral and their performances.Here 3M leaders possess to assume that the level of responsibility is high.They are now working globally and taking care of aerial aspects.This global leaders works globally in multicultural environments.These leaders make long term strategic plan to pursue a coarse goals and objectives.They also try to support the innov ations and new experiments.New business alliances also build by 3M.They try to take advantage of maximum use of resources.FedEx Leadership CompetenciesFedEx has a system for rating aspiring leaders according to 9 attributesCharismaIndividual considerationIntellectual stimulationCourageDependability tractablenessIntegrityJudgmentRespect for others Shell Global Leadership CompetenciesThe Leadership Framework used by Shell includes nine key elements as indicated on a lower floorBuilds Shared VisionChampions Customer FocusMaximizes Business OpportunitiesDemonstrates Professional MasteryDisplays Personal EffectivenessDemonstrates CourageMotivates, Coaches DevelopsValues DifferencesDelivers ResultsThese above key attributes are parts of leadership competency framework. Leadership Qualities requiredA good leader should possess certain qualitiesIntelligenceA leader should be intelligent that he foresee problems and gives solutions to these problems in a intellectual way.Communicative Skill sA leader should have effective communication skills he should communicate clearly and precisely. He must look into what ways of communications are suitable at what time.ObjectivityA leader should be impartial and not to be bias on any situation of decision making.Knowledge of workA leader must possess sound knowledge of work, he must know what is he going to do and must consider his leadership skills.Human RelationsA leader should be good in making relation privileged and outside the organization. He must keep good public relations.Self Confidence and Will-PowerA good leader is people who have confidence on himself and will power of combating with every situation.EmpathyGood leader must have empathy to his followers and he must respect the view points of others.Sense of ResponsibilityA good leader must keep the sense of responsibility he should not lose temper in any situation and present himself as a good leader in front of others with sound authority and responsibility.Awareness A good leader is always proves good leader when he keep looking his strengths and weakness, he must overcome on his weakness as soon as possible to present himself well aware leader. effective health and StaminaA leader must have sound health, both mental sanity and physical fitness to combat with the situations that are overture ahead.ConclusionLeaders are born not made, seems to be true as leader come up with their own notions and skills, it can be seen from the history too, as some great leader were meant to be great and they had all leadership qualities but with the time these leaders polishes their skills. They learn from the experiences and from the past examples.

Teen Pregnancy Essay -- Social Issues Pregnant Sociology Essays

Teen PregnancyChildren from homes run by teenage sticks have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and noetic health problems, the deprivation of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to nipperren in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious-minded disadvantages when compargond to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for whizz p arents are major(ip) causes for the countrys high rate of teen pregnancies. When the true purpose of sex education and federal aid is to help strengthen the mother and her child so that they mass eventually lead juicy lives. The absence seizure of a father figure in the home brings about a chain reaction of dilemmas. The emotional problems that children concentrate because there is no father in their life can be potentially hazardous to their future. Many children tend to be moved(p) mentally because these regent(postnominal) emotions have the potential to do permanent damage in a childs life. Children may experience sadness and depression, aggressive behavior, frequent illness, hassle in school, feeding problems, and sleeping disorders. Many children also suffer from various social difficulties and self-esteem problems that come along with living in a one-parent household. The squeeze that children raised by teenage parents go through is tremendous. Children who dont have fathers present in the home often feel unloved. There is no trauma as excruciatingly agonising as parental rejection and there is probably no worse of a way to wreck a persons life. Males are affected otherwise by the absence of a father than females are. A boy needs a male role model in his life so that he can win how to spank his monkey. Children who dont have good role models often choose negative, unsavory characters to mold themselves after. These children capture susce ptible to some(prenominal) of the dangerous risks associated with children who are raised by teenage parents. Males that grow up in one-parent homes may gain negative personality traits wish immaturity, laziness, and disrespect for women. Females who grow up without fathers in the home unremarkably end up having pre-marital sex. They subconsciously want to make up for the affection that they didnt receive from their fathers and the sex they wan... ...raise children who never learn how to live productive lifestyles. Negative elements like drug addiction and crime seem to be the only outlets that are available to lonely, confused children who live in poverty-stricken cities. For many of these children there are only the options of dead-end jobs, jail or early death. Many of these children end up having their own children at an early age consequently perpetuating the vicious roll of poverty, poor education, joblessness, and lack of hope for the future. Teenage girls that get preg nant in our community become overwhelmed with the pressures of supporting their children financially while attempt to instill morals and ethics in their lives. We as a community need to come together with the government and help these mothers out. The problems of a teenage mother and her children eventually become the problem of all of society. Children come first because they are our future. Every child in the country should be afforded an equal opportunity to go after no division its family, racial, or financial background. Supporting teen mothers and their families and educating people about the responsibilities and the risks of having sex can do this. Teen Pregnancy Essay -- complaisant Issues Pregnant Sociology EssaysTeen PregnancyChildren from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to c hildren in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causes for the countrys high rate of teen pregnancies. When the true purpose of sex education and federal aid is to help strengthen the mother and her child so that they can eventually lead productive lives. The absence of a father figure in the home brings about a chain reaction of dilemmas. The emotional problems that children suffer because there is no father in their life can be potentially hazardous to their future. Many children tend to be affected mentally because these powerful emotions have the potential to do permanent damage in a childs life. Children may experience sadness and depression, aggressive behavior, frequent illness, difficulty in school, eating problems, and sleeping disorders. Many children also su ffer from various social difficulties and self-esteem problems that come along with living in a one-parent household. The pressure that children raised by teenage parents go through is tremendous. Children who dont have fathers present in the home often feel unloved. There is no trauma as excruciatingly painful as parental rejection and there is probably no worse of a way to wreck a persons life. Males are affected differently by the absence of a father than females are. A boy needs a male role model in his life so that he can learn how to spank his monkey. Children who dont have good role models often choose negative, unsavory characters to mold themselves after. These children become susceptible to many of the dangerous risks associated with children who are raised by teenage parents. Males that grow up in one-parent homes may gain negative personality traits like immaturity, laziness, and disrespect for women. Females who grow up without fathers in the home usually end up having pre-marital sex. They subconsciously want to make up for the affection that they didnt receive from their fathers and the sex they wan... ...raise children who never learn how to live productive lifestyles. Negative elements like drug addiction and crime seem to be the only outlets that are available to lonely, confused children who live in poverty-stricken cities. For many of these children there are only the options of dead-end jobs, jail or early death. Many of these children end up having their own children at an early age therefore perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty, poor education, joblessness, and lack of hope for the future. Teenage girls that get pregnant in our community become overwhelmed with the pressures of supporting their children financially while trying to instill morals and ethics in their lives. We as a community need to come together with the government and help these mothers out. The problems of a teenage mother and her children eventually become the pr oblem of all of society. Children come first because they are our future. Every child in the country should be afforded an equal opportunity to succeed no matter its family, racial, or financial background. Supporting teen mothers and their families and educating people about the responsibilities and the risks of having sex can do this.

Bob Marley :: Music Musician Biography Essays

Bob MarleyBob Marley was a promoter of peace and believed in the union of all people. He used his music as a channel to get his opinions and thoughts out into the world. Me only have one ambition, yknow. I really have only one thing I really like to see happen. I like to see mankind live together-black, white, Chinese, everyone-thats all. Robert Nesta Marley was born February 6th, 1945 in the small ghetto of Nine Miles, in the parish of St. Anne, Jamaica. His father was a white British Naval officer named Narval Marley, and his mother was a young, poor Jamaican girl named Cedalla Brooker. The well-to-do Marley family did not approve of Narval and Cedallas relationship(Clark). Despite marrying Cedalla, Narval was more of an occasional visitor rather than a father figure to Bob(Clark). He did not survive to see his sons success. After a few years, Bob and his mother moved to Trenchtown (western Kingston), which was built around the former Kingston jib dump(Salewicz). People would spen d their days scavenging for whatever they could find here(Salewicz). The shanty-town people who lived here considered it desirable accommodations and were not ashamed of their home at all(Salewicz). Trenchtown was also considered a religious power point for the Rastafarians, which is a major form of religion in Jamaica(Salewicz). It is said that those who have nothing, and therefore nothing to lose, are not afraid to show their talents(Salewicz). This was true for many people who lived in these areas, including Bob.Living in Kingston, Bob cut his number one record at the age of 16, with a song called calculate Not(Clark). This album was a complete flop. In his teen years, he had many yields, including Fats Domino, Ray Charles, and Joe Higgs(Peake). He also loved Jamaican, Ska, and Rock Steady music(Peake). The biggest influence that anyone had ever had on Bob was Joe Higgs(Salewicz). Joe was the areas most famous singer and musically prominent Rasta, or person who followed the Rastafarian religion(Salewicz). He was Bobs first mentor and introduced him to Peter Tosh, and Bunny Livingston, who would be his future band mates(Salewicz). Bob, Peter, and Bunny all took part in evening music sessions in Joes trine Street Yard every night. When he was just 18, Bob, Bunny, and Peter formed the Wailin Wailers, and their first song Simmer Down was an instant number one in Jamaica(Pagewise). From here, their success grew.

Kotter Model Essays -- Narrative, Change, Organization

Narrative EssayThe atomic number 16 semester of the Sergeants Major course covers a lot of material on Organizations, Leaders, Power, Influence, Stress, Ethics, Vision, Culture and Climate. The knowledge gained from block (s) L103, L105, L107 and L109 argon important to future Operations Sergeants Major because we give be able to back up the commander through the process of ever-changing the climate and culture and change the unit to become stronger as a team.Kotter ModelThe Kotter Model comes from the L103 block it is an cardinal arrange model that helps avoid mutual issues that plague the smallest change attempts in an physical composition. Organizations leaders will lead their organizations through this process in order to invite a positive and long lasting aftermath. A leader cannot prematurely hurdle, bounce or make a serious mis pass inside a step by doing any of those would have a destructive effect on a successful accomplishment of change. The stages of the Kotte r Model are (1) establishing a soul of urgency (2) creating the guiding coalition (3) developing a vision and scheme (4) communicating the change vision (5) empowering a broad base of people to take action (6) generating short-term wins (7) consolidating gains and producing even more change (8) institutionalizing new approaches in the culture. This Model guides leaders through the process of attempting to change the climate and culture of an organization I will explain each stage briefly. In stage one it is vibrant the leader institutes a sense of determination by video display the rewards and significant of change. The second stage leaders must organize and obtain the ad alonement development. By building a resilient support team establish on belief and common understanding will encour... ...uraging actions necessary to withstand out the vision and continue to take the organization to a higher level. As we think about visions remember the Armys vision and how it has chan ged a few times over the years and to support the change they came up with Slogans. A vision builder must ensure if you use a guide word it must have meaning, do not use an empty one just to have one. Remember a vision is a key apply by Leaders to move their organizations successfully into the future. ConclusionIn conclusion I have given details of what I erudite and was taught in the second semester of the academy. The knowledge gained from block (s) L103, L105, L107 and L109 are important to future Operations Sergeants Major because we will be able to assist the commander through the process of changing the climate and culture and enabling the unit to become stronger as a team. Kotter Model Essays -- Narrative, Change, OrganizationNarrative EssayThe second semester of the Sergeants Major course covers a lot of material on Organizations, Leaders, Power, Influence, Stress, Ethics, Vision, Culture and Climate. The knowledge gained from block (s) L103, L105, L10 7 and L109 are important to future Operations Sergeants Major because we will be able to assist the commander through the process of changing the climate and culture and enabling the unit to become stronger as a team.Kotter ModelThe Kotter Model comes from the L103 block it is an eight stage model that helps avoid mutual issues that plague the smallest change attempts in an organization. Organizations leaders will lead their organizations through this process in order to have a positive and long lasting effect. A leader cannot prematurely hurdle, bounce or make a serious mistake inside a step by doing any of those would have a destructive effect on a successful accomplishment of change. The stages of the Kotter Model are (1) establishing a sense of urgency (2) creating the guiding coalition (3) developing a vision and strategy (4) communicating the change vision (5) empowering a broad base of people to take action (6) generating short-term wins (7) consolidating gains and produci ng even more change (8) institutionalizing new approaches in the culture. This Model guides leaders through the process of attempting to change the climate and culture of an organization I will explain each stage briefly. In stage one it is vibrant the leader institutes a sense of determination by showing the rewards and significant of change. The second stage leaders must organize and support the adjustment development. By building a resilient support team based on belief and common understanding will encour... ...uraging actions necessary to carry out the vision and continue to take the organization to a higher level. As we think about visions remember the Armys vision and how it has changed a few times over the years and to support the change they came up with Slogans. A vision builder must ensure if you use a slogan it must have meaning, do not use an empty one just to have one. Remember a vision is a key used by Leaders to move their organizations successfully into the future. ConclusionIn conclusion I have given details of what I erudite and was taught in the second semester of the academy. The knowledge gained from block (s) L103, L105, L107 and L109 are important to future Operations Sergeants Major because we will be able to assist the commander through the process of changing the climate and culture and enabling the unit to become stronger as a team.