Critically Assess Whether Strategic Hrm Leads to ‘High Performance’’ Essays

Critically Assess Whether Strategic Hrm Leads to ‘High Performance’’ Essays Critically Assess Whether Strategic Hrm Leads to ‘High Performance’’ Essay Critically Assess Whether Strategic Hrm Leads to ‘High Performance’’ Essay Essay Question 1: ‘Critically assess whether strategic HRM leads to ‘high performance’’ Introduction There is a controversy whether the Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) leads to ‘high performance’. A general idea of SHRM is that â€Å"the linkage of management and deployment of the individual within the firm to the business overall and its environment whereas HRM is the activities that take place under this area. † Truss and Gratton (1994). It spotlights on long-term strategy. Two theoretical perspectives to the Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) will be introduced and compared to determine whether they manage to ‘high performance’ or not. First, the Universalist approach is ‘one best way’ of dealing human resource to improve business performance. Second, the Contingency approach is to align HR policies and practices with the details of business strategy to create a positive impact on business. In addition, two examples: a large company and a medium-size company will be used to illustrate both approaches practically. At the same time, there are issues associate with theoretical perspectives that need to be discussed. Such issues are the implementation problems as well as the measurement problems. After all, the question will be answered with analysing all of the above. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be identified by gathering views of researchers. To the final stage, both approaches are being recognised if the linkage is existence to ‘high performance’ and to the level of measure that are being noticed. Different approaches to SHRM * Universalist approach A Universalist approach is known as ‘best practice’ human resource management (HRM). This approach describes there is ‘one best way’ to manage people in order to improve organizational performance. It argues that all organizations, regardless of sector, size or country, will benefit from identifying, gaining commitment to and implementing a set of best HRM practices. The job of a researcher is to identify what the practices are, and a job of HR professional to implement them. For example, a research from Delery and Doty (1996) identify certain practices that improve organizational performance. The detailed components are ‘high performance work systems (HPWS)’ Berg (1999); Appelbaum et al (2000), ‘high commitment management’ Walton (1985); Guest (2001a, 2001b) and ‘high involvement management’ Wood (1999a). Another researcher by Jeffrey Pfeffer (1998) identifies that seven universally applicable practices will benefit all firms. The components include: 1) Employment security, 2) Careful hiring, 3) Self-managed teams and decentralized decision-making, 4) Comparatively high compensation, 5) Extensive training, 6) Low status distinctions and barriers, 7) Extensive sharing of financial and performance information. The implication is that when a coherent bundle of HR practices is outlined, the integrated HR practices will impact positively on organizational performance. The ‘best practice’ HRM sees there is ‘one best way’ of managing people and that is appropriate across all circumstances. * Contingency Approach On the other hand, the Contingency approach is known as ‘best-fit’ HRM. It takes account of factors such as organizational size, location, sector, strategy and the nature of work. Baird and Meshoulam’s (1998) model advocates that HRM approaches will differ giving to different life-cycle stages. These life cycle stages ranges from start-up to maturity. While an organization is growing and maturing over time, it becomes gradually complex. Therefore, more sophisticated HR structures and policies are needed. This approach focuses on two types of ‘fit’ and ‘line management integration’. The first type is ‘External fit’ and it is commonly known as ‘vertical fit’. It is in coherence and alignment with business strategy and external market factors. When HR policies and practices are aligned to strategic focus, performance will improve. Porter’s (1985) strategic options on 1) Cost Leadership, 2) Differentiation and Innovation and 3) Focus are adopted. The second type is ‘Internal fit’ and it can also interpret to ‘horizontal fit’. HR policies and practices are all fit together so that they are in coherence. They are also mutually reinforcing and are applied continuously. Jeffrey Pfeffer’s (1998) seven practices are adopted. Lastly, ‘Line management integration’ is when line managers act as a critical character in implementing HRM strategy. Best-fit’ HRM suggests that the best to manage people will vary depending on organizational circumstances, and hence, the link to business strategy is key. Empirical evidence of SHRM model * A large company – Tarmac The UK quarrying company Tarmac has over 12500 employees at present. The operations function is key to overall company’s performance. It needs the support of finance managers, zone managers and H R managers. A finance manager delivers financial and management accounts to contribute the strategic decision-making process by forecasting financial performance. A zone manager manages operational performance. They meet and improve targets for cost, quality, delivery, safety and business ethics shown in key performance indicators (KPIs). Lastly a HR manager ensures business managers apply HR policies and procedures. The company’s goal is to achieve objectives by motivating all individuals working together as one team across the business units and functions. Each objective has its strategies. The followings practices are to achieve ‘Engage employees’ and ‘Act Responsibly’ objectives. Firstly, Tarmac focuses on a high level of employee involvement and encourages high employee commitment to the organization so that workers feel they are trusted and treated in an open and positive attitude. For example, employees regularly discuss with managers about their viewpoints within development teams. This helps workers feel part of the wider team, strengthens employee engagement and commitment to the company. Secondly, team-working practices create a closer supervision and a flat hierarchy. A coaching style manager develops employees to manage themselves rather than to manage each task. Employee’s suggestions are offered, and this contributes to improvements in organizational performance. An example of Tarmac targets and measures a decline in waste. In 2010, eighteen workshop-training sessions were held for all site employees on CO2 awareness and energy. All district managers were involved in the programme. Some external experts from Carbon Trust were also invited to support the rollout of the training programme. As a result, Tarmac gained benefit from 500 energy and CO2 reduction. Overall, Tarmac adopted a high commitment strategy to meet the objectives. Therefore, it improved the company’s performance. * A small-medium size company – i-LEVEL i-Level is one of the most innovative digital media companies and is ranked the ‘Sunday Times 100 best companies to work for’ in 2004. It has a size of workforce of 60 employees. The i-Level company has a high level of financial performance. There was a 33 per cent increase in earnings per annum. Their guiding principles are used as a framework. This is to ensure the internal fit and the external fit of company. The company is at the growing stage which a lot of the recruitment effort is on discovering the potential staff. -Level frequently seeks appropriate employees to be supported to work with the company. To fit HR policies and practices together, i-Level uses physical arrangements to remove top-down hierarchy in order to encourage employees’ participation, communication, creativity, self-managed teams and organisational values. As a result, a complete, open plan office is the environment where employees conduct their normal day-to-day operations. Moreover, i-Level sees pay is significant for performance. 15 per cent of the company’s pre-tax profit is kept for performance bonuses from 2003 to 2004. Meanwhile, the company argues pay is not their primary motivating force. On the other hand, the company aligns with business strategy and external environment by providing training courses for technical skills in media advertising. The company also offers an unusual training budget. There is an annual allowance provided for personal training and development purposes that are no obvious relation with work. The belief is to develop the skills and interests of workers in ways not studied before. This is expected to enhance i-level workers’ innovative thoughts at work through practices outside the company’s work area. To summaries, i-LEVEL achieves competitive advantage through innovation and which competes in very tight labour markets. It adopted Porter’s strategic option of ‘Focus’ and Pfeffer’s 7 practices to enhance the companys performance. Additional issues to reflect * Problems of implementation Line managers are central HRM performers in the organization, and they play a vital role in implementation of HR policies and practices. They influence their team‘s performance in a direct manner. A number of factors account for the line management problem. Firstly, it seems there is devolution to line managers. For instance, line managers do not want the responsibility of being a line manager or do not have enough time to deal with it accurately. They might not have the skills to handle HR issues successfully or are unaware of recent developments in view of HRM. Some managers do not consider a long-term view of the company or are inefficient for making policy in this area. Secondly, McGovern et al (1997), Marchington (2001) and Hutchinson and Purcell (2003) identify there are differences between ‘espoused’ and ‘actual’ policies that are relatively recognized to line managers. For example, some policies are normative rather than positive. Some descriptions of policies and practices are in general terms rather than analytical about actual situations. Hence, managers are unable to implement them specifically to meet the company’s goals. Furthermore, a broader issue, the line manager jobs in firms become progressively complex due to new firms’ structures. For instance, virtual and network companies have less clear line manager characters than the layered hierarchical company. One observable implication is pressure for reducing the size of the HR department. There will be a cut down in numbers of HR professionals. Ultimately, these factors all affect the organizational performance due to unsuccessful implementation of HR policies and practices. * Problems of measurement Fitzgerald (1991) and Neely (1998) stated that performance measurement is a key issue in guaranteeing the effective implementation of a firm’s strategy. However, using inadequate measurements is poor in supporting managements’ business objectives. The followings are the circumstances. Scientists use large-scale data groups made self-completed questionnaires. This will lead to two problems. First of all, there is dependence on one person, to represent the whole group. Secondly, there is dependence on a design of questionnaires. For example, respondents are answering yes or no questions rather than giving thoughts and opinions. This type of questions may generate a less accurate result. Moreover, there is uncertainty of how the data should be gathered, presented and analysed. The major problem is mis-reporting single respondents. Respondents may have limited knowledge of the area and use of policies. Furthermore, the measures of performance commonly take account of the financial performance, whereas there is a few findings focus on the broader issue of employee attitudes and well-being. Equally, there are matters to the range of HR practices. For instance, a report shows statistics of whether a company has self-managed teams, some may look at the proportion of workers running in a self-managed team. Lastly, Atkinson (2005) suggests that the measurement of productivity in the service sector can be exceptionally challenging. It is always easy to get typical, comparable financial statistics. To sum up, the measurement of data are related to the level of relevance to business performance. Critical analysis of the beyond * Best practice Pros ; Cons Research states there is a positive link between the HR practices and organisational performance. Firstly, Huselid (1995, p. 667) discovered that ‘the degree of returns for investments in High Performance Work Systems is significant’. In fact, ‘A one standard deviation rise in High Performance Work Systems practices is associated with a comparative 7. 5 per cent drop in labour turnover. On ‘per employee’ base, $27,044, $18,641 and $3814 more in sales, more in market value and profits respectively. Secondly, the workplace employee relation survey (Cully et al 1999) indicates that there is 14 per cent of organisations adopted high commitment strategy. In contrast, researcher (Delery 1998) also emphasized ‘deadly’ bundles of practices need to be avoided. For example, it occurs to managers giving reward based on individual performance while they are working as a team. Furthermore, Boxall and Purcell (2003, p. 64) commented while multi-national companies make the effort standardise their practices across nations, national perspective and organisational sectoral perspectives show criticism on the effectiveness of these practices. Marchington and Grulis (2000, p. 1117) argue the most common example is in labour intensive organisations recognise costs are expensive when they use these practices. To summaries the best practice approach, Guest’s (1987) argues that there is no best practice. At the same time, he also suggests a set of best practices such as high commitment management is the route to survival of UK business. This leads to an argument that in order to enhance company performance, managers must alter their HR policies and practices to the framework that is operational. The interpretation comes to ‘best-fit’ approach. * Best-fit Pros ; Cons Thompson (2000) conducted two studies of firms in the UK aerospace industry. His first study in 1997 showed that with higher levels of value added per worker encourages greater diffusion of innovative working practices with their non-management employees. These organisations are towards to more heavily engaged in specialist production for niche markets and hired technical and professional workers. The second study in 1999 showed evidence that organizations introduced a larger number of high performance work practices had much enhanced business performance. As a result, companies moving from less than five to more than six innovative practices created a 34 per cent increase in value added per worker. On the other hand, Miles and Snow (1984) align suitable managerial types to three genetic strategies of prospector, defender and analyser. If managerial properties and skills are aligned to company strategy, there will be a higher level of link to organisational performance. Thomas and Ramaswamy (1996) offered such support. As a result, performance in aligned firms was statistically excellent. In comparison, (Purcell 1999 p. 35) outlines that a number of successful organisations features that are unable to model. These are the cultural norms that have been developed gradually over a long period associated with accomplishment. It is easy to identify the key factors that drive to success. Especially when the organisations are large and complex. Imaginably the major problem is that many organisations exist inside complex external environments with multiple contingencies that are not to be ignored or recognized. * Comparing both approaches Each approach has advantages evidence and disadvantages evidence. It could be argued that different approaches can apply in different sectors. For example, Guest (2001) advocates that there is the possibility that a high commitment management is most applicable in manufacturing i. e. Tarmac, while strategic choice for fitting with business strategy, is more credible in the service sector i. . i-LEVEL. As a whole, critically discuss the link between SHRM and performance. Evidence from Patterson et al (1997) examined sixty-seven manufacturing businesses in the UK for a period. The outcomes were 19 per cent of profitability and 18 per cent of the variation in productivity could be certified to HRM practices. This demonstrated HRM practices has a positive impact on organisational performance. C onclusion In summary, SHRM consists of a number of practices and is an organization level analysis of how HRM systems impact on performance. Two theoretical perspectives outline different views. The ‘best-practice’ approach defines there is ‘one best way’ of managing people. It is appropriate across all circumstances. Whereas ‘best-fit’ approach terms the best to manage people will change depending on organizational circumstances. It highlights the essence of linking business strategy. Tarmac was used as an example. It applied the ‘best practice’ approach and adopted a high commitment strategy to meet the objectives. Hence Tarmac improved its firm’s performance. I-Level was used an example to describe the competitive advantage the company had achieved through innovation while competing in extremely tight labour market. It adopted Porter’s strategic option of ‘Focus’ and Pfeffer’s 7 practices to enhance the firm’s performance. Empirical evidences show both organisations are successful with adopting different approaches to their specific, targeted firms. These firms had a positive impact on performance. This can be concluded that SHRM has a clear link to business performance practically. In depth, other issues such as implementation and measurement roblems are considered. Problems of implementation affect the organizational performance due to unsuccessful implementation of HR policies and practices in line management. On the other hand, problems of measurement are valued on the basis of how easy and difficult the data is to represent and most importantly the level of relevance to business performance. If the r elevance is slight, it may have little or no impact on business performance. In the final stage of comparing both approaches, many researchers’ point of views is gathered. ‘Best-practice’ approach has advantages and disadvantages. It seems to argue that high commitment management is the route to successful business performance. On the other hand, the advantages and disadvantages of ‘best-fit’ approach suggest that applying this approach can be rigid and inflexibility due exists of complex external environments. Furthermore, in recent arguments, the product labour market seems to be emerged to a new post-industrial age where employers will tend to hire self-employed workers to carry out specific, time-limited projects for companies. This is due to the prediction of radical change. It can lead to a view that ‘best-fit’ approach should to be managed appropriately. This means practices should be adequate in different company’s life-cycle stage and align with different strategies. So that, it can feasibly enhance the organizational performance. Finally, strategic human resources management gives evidences, views, researches and facts to enhance organizational performance. However, the degree of high performance in context varies in different organizations under their circumstances. Hence, it does not necessary impact to ‘high’ performance.

Nushu, a Woman-Only Language of China

Nushu, a Woman-Only Language of China Nushu or Nu Shu means, literally, â€Å"woman’s writing† in Chinese.   The script was developed by peasant women in Hunan Province, China, and used in Jiangyong county, but probably also in nearby Daoxian and Jianghua counties.   It nearly became extinct before its very recent discovery.   The oldest items are from the very early 20th century, though the language is assumed to have much older roots. The script was often used in embroidery, calligraphy and handicrafts created by women.   It is found written on paper (including letters, written poetry and on objects such as fans) and embroidered on fabric (including on quilts, aprons, scarves, handkerchiefs).   Objects were often buried with women or were burned. While sometimes characterized as a language, it might better be considered a script, as the underlying language was the same local dialect used also by the men in the area, and usually by the men written in Hanzi characters. Nushu, like other Chinese characters, is written in columns, with characters running from top to bottom in each column and columns written from the right to the left.   Chinese researchers count between 1000 and 1500 characters in the script, including variants for the same pronunciation and function; Orie Endo (below) has concluded that there are about 550 distinct characters in the script.   Chinese characters are usually ideograms (representing ideas or words); Nushu characters are mostly phonograms (representing sounds) with some ideograms.   Four types of strokes make u the characters: dots, horizontals, verticals and arcs. According to Chinese sources, Gog Zhebing, a teacher in South Central China, and linguistics professor Yan Xuejiong, discovered calligraphy used in the Jiangyong prefecture.   In another version of the discovery, an old man, Zhou Shuoyi, brought it to attention, preserving a poem from ten generations back in his family and beginning to study the writing in the 1950s.   The Cultural Revolution, he said, interrupted his studies, and his 1982 book brought it to the attention of others. The script was well known locally as â€Å"woman’s writing† or nà ¼shu  but it had not before come to the attention of linguists, or at least of academia. At that time, about a dozen women survived who understood and could write Nushu. Japanese professor Orie Endo of Bunkyo University in Japan has been studying Nushu since the 1990s. She was first exposed to the existence of the language by a Japanese linguistics researcher, Toshiyuki Obata, and then learned more in China at Beijing University from Professor Prof. Zhao Li-ming.   Zhao and Endo traveled to Jiang Yong and interviewed elderly women to find people who could read and write the language. Orie Endo: 1999 research report (English): Endangered System of Women’s Writing from Hunan China (presented at the Association of Asian Studies Conference, March, 1999.Orie Endo: Nushu in 2011, including information on a Japanese-made documentary â€Å"The Chinese Women’s Script for Writing Sorrow.† The area where it has been used is one where the Han people and the Yao people have lived and intermixed, including intermarriage and mixing of cultures.   It was also an area, historically, of good climate and successful agriculture. The culture in the area was, like most of China, male-dominated for centuries, and women were not permitted an education.   There was a tradition of â€Å"sworn sisters,† women who were not biologically related but who committed to friendship.   In traditional Chinese marriage, exogamy was practiced: a bride joined her husband’s family, and would have to move, sometimes far away, not seeing her birth family again or only rarely. The new brides were thus under the control of their husbands and mothers-in-law after they married.   Their names did not become part of genealogies. Many of the Nushu writings are poetic, written in a structured style, and were written about marriage, including about the sorrow of separation. Other writings are letters from women to women, as they found, through this female-only script, a way to keep in communication with their female friends.   Most express feelings and many are about sorrow and misfortune. Because it was secret, with no references to it found in documents or genealogies, and many of the writings buried with the women who possessed the writings, it’s not authoritatively known when the script began.   Some scholars in China accept the script not as a separate language but as a variant on Hanzi characters. Others believe it may have been a remnant of a now-lost script of eastern China. Nushu declined in the 1920s when reformers and revolutionaries began to expand education to include women and to raise women’s status. While some of the older women attempted to teach the script to their daughters and granddaughters, most did not consider it valuable and did not learn.   Thus, fewer and fewer women could preserve the custom. The Nà ¼shu Culture Research Center in China was created to document and study Nushu and the culture around it, and to publicize its existence.   A dictionary of 1,800 characters including variants was created by Zhuo Shuoyi in 2003; it also includes notes on grammar.   At least 100 manuscripts are known outside of China. An exhibition in China that opened in April, 2004, focused on Nushu.   China to reveal female-specific language to public - Peoples Daily, English Edition

A Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Film Review - Essay Example All the changes that the characters undergo, however slight it may seem, affects their future and shows how they are all connected and how they affect each other though they may not realize it. Each of the three attempts to save Manni ends differently but the ability to go back in time and to repeat her day allow her to reconsider her decisions and to make a better one. Along the way she encounters people that she bumps into in the streets and her actions show that time does not only affect her but also these people whose future is projected after their chance meeting. First is the woman who has a baby in the stroller that she bumps into, then the guy who tries to sell her a bike, then Mr. Meyer coming out of a driveway and the bank employee. The other people she sees along the way also have an effect on how she is able to solve the problem and how they interact in her future. Her father and his mistress is an important part of finally having a different decision. Additionally, the slight differences such as the dog on the stairs, the group of nuns, the bank security guard, the old woman Lola asks for time, the ambulance, and the blind lady who lent Manni the phone card al l have participations in what happens and how their future play out. The first attempt is a failure where Lola dies as she comes too late and Manni had already entered the grocery store declaring robbery. At first she goes to her father who is an executive at a large bank but he refuses to give her money and sends her away. When she finds Manni inside blaming her for being too late, she enters and takes a gun she doesn’t know how to operate and Manni tells her to take off the safety. They made a run for it but the police caught up and one was surprised and fired a gun to Lola and she dies. In this first attempt, the woman with the stroller loses her child to child services and

Question answering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Question answering - Essay Example In other words, the car dealer cannot get away with this contract even though John is not capable of entering into binding contracts. However, John’s incapacity to enter into a binding contract is subject to four exceptions, which the car dealer can cite if they have enough prove. These include the following: i. Beneficial contracts such as employment ii. Contracts involving necessaries iii. Contracts involving company shares, land, marriage, and partnerships except if they are voidable iv. Contracts that are approved by a child after attaining the age of the majority. Among these exceptions, the dealer can only try to argue in line with the second one, though it will still be very hard to convince the court that the contract involved necessary goods. It is clear that John believed that a car is a necessity, which perhaps was due to the influence he got from Facebook and his friends. This fact can hardly make the contract binding on the child, because the law considers them in capable of making valid decisions on their own. Therefore, the court will argue that John could not be relied to decide, by himself, what is a necessity. On this ground, therefore, the car dealer is not likely to get any reprieve from the exceptions. Another provision of the law is that a contract involving a minor is voidable. This means that, prior to reaching the age of the majority; a child has the freedom to withdraw any contract. Even though John does not have any justifiable reasons to cancel the contract, the car dealer will still lose the case because the law allows minors to do so on a whim if it is advantageous for them to do so (Hugh 256). The reason why the car dealer was cautious on entering into a contract with a child was because he feared the consequences if the child breached the contract. His instinct was correct, however, he did a mistake when he at last accepted to sign the contract even after the child’s parent declined to co-sign the loan. All in all, i f the parent had agreed to co-sign the loan; this could not have given him a complete reprieve. The best strategy was to ask the minor to let his parent sign the full loan on his behalf, since parents are not legally responsible on contracts entered by their children unless when they are acting as their agent.1 Therefore, John will win in his bid to get the contract invalidated by the court and recover the $500, down payment. Question two: a contract with an illegal purpose Smuggling is an illegal activity and it is against the interest of the public, therefore, any suit regarding this case will face many hurdles as the court does not condone participation in illegal activities. Smuggling is under a class of illegal contracts, which are unenforceable as they imposes no obligations and creates no rights on the parties who are involved. In an illegal contract, losses and gains remain where they have fallen because money and assets changing hands are not recoverable. The court’s idea is that illegal contracts are undesirable in the eyes of the public and hence, they do not disserve assistance considering they do not contribute towards well-being of individuals in the society.2 Therefore, the court will refuse to help the mechanic enforce their contract with Jack and will also not give any

The Rate of Diffusion Essay Example for Free

The Rate of Diffusion Essay Abstract I found that this experiment gives me an understanding on how osmosis and  diffusion works. In its simplicity, it explains the process that our bodies (mainly cells)  use all the time. It also showed me that even with the temperature changing, it doesnt  drastically change the rate of diffusion. Introduction Diffusion is important in all living systems. Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration (Purchon 1). Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration (Biological 21). With this knowledge we tried to recreate diffusion for students to understand the process. The dialysis bags represented our selectively permeable membrane with the fluid inside it, sucrose. How much of the substance moves from the cup to the bag quickly depends on the temperature of the substance. The class used four different temperatures to measure the rate of diffusion. I thought that the rate of diffusion would increase as temperature increased because the more heat put into the process the quicker the molecules will move. The null hypothesis is that no matter what the temperature is the rate of diffusion will stay the same. Materials and Methods The materials used were a dialysis bag, string, pipet, beaker with water, 10% sucrose water, and a balance. The variables that we made standardized were the concentration of the solute, length of the dialysis bags, and time. Each group poured 10 milliliters of 10% sucrose into two 15 cm long dialysis bags and bent the end of the bags and tied them. Then the bags were immersed in water, dried, and measured. Next the bags were put into room temperature (about 20 °C), 60 ° C, 45 °C, or ice water (0 °C). Each group measured the bags three more times at 10 minute intervals drying them off each time. Once they finished, each group subtracted the final measurement from the initial to see how quickly the water diffused into or out of the bag. My partner and I did the experiment twice, once with ice water and the next in room temperature water. We had two dialysis bags for each of the two experiments that we did. The independent variable is ______________. The dependent variable is __________. Results The first two tables are the information that my partner and I got through our two experiments. The data from our experiments show that the rate of diffusion was faster with the room temperature water. The last table shows the classs data. The classs results show that the rate of diffusion occurs the fastest in room temperature water. Both my data and the rest of the classs data show that the rate of diffusion is fastest in room temperature water. The overall total weights of the dialysis bags immersed in room temperature water weighed the most which shows the rate of diffusion being the fastest in those experiments. Table 1 Graph 1: The Change in weight of the 2 diallysis bags of 10 ml of 10% sucrose left in ice water (2 °C). Time in minutes Weight of 1st bag in grams Weight of 2nd bag in grams 0 10.93 10.89 10 11.49 11.28 20 11.76 11.66 30 12.05 11.94 Total weight gained in each bag 1.12 1.05 Table Graph 2: The change in weight in the 2 dialysis bags of 10ml of 10% sucrose left in room temperature water (21 °C). Time in minutes Weight of 1st bag in grams Weight of 2nd bag in grams 0 10.92 10.92 10 11.56 11.45 20 12.08 11.90 30 12.56 12.35 Total weight gained in each bag 1.64 1.43 The change in weight in the 2 dialysis bags of 10ml of 10% sucrose left in room temperature water (21 °C). Table Graph 3: Each groups change in weight of each of the dialysis bags in the different types of water. 21-23 ° C Room Temperature 47-49 ° C 59-60 ° C 2 ° C ice water -1.77 .03 -0.30 .24 .16 .20 -0.38 .61 .34 .28 .06 .76 .35 .40 .16 .77 .42 .68 .56 .88 .76 .73 .75 .93 1.01 .89 .76 .96 1.05 2.06 .83 1.01 1.60 2.21 1.14 1.02 1.12 1.25 1.03 1.12 1.42 1.05 1.33 1.12 1.39 1.19 1.42 1.30 1.43 1.34 1.47 1.45 1.52 1.56 1.61 1.64 1.75 1.78 Total Average weight gain 1.05 overall 0.83 0.57 0.98 Each groups change in weight of each of the dialysis bags in the different types of water. Discussion The data seems to agree with me in the fact that the rate of diffusion was the quickest in the room temperature water. My partners and my experiments average was 1.085 grams with the ice water and 1.53 with the room temperature water. This shows that the rate of diffusion was faster in the room temperature water, but not by much; it only had 0.445 grams more than the bags that were in ice water. In the classs experiments, the bags in room temperature water only weighed 0.07 grams more than the bags in ice water. The bags in the 47-49 ° C range came as third fastest, leaving 59-60 ° C range dead last. They varied by 0.26 grams. Overall the rate of diffusion didnt make a huge jump in any certain temperature change in the water. It changed slightly, but not enough to make quite an impact on the process. This data also shows that there wasnt much change overall between room temperature water, ice water, and the 47-49 ° C water. The problem with this data is the class chart. It seems as though overall people messed up in very common ways. Some of the data were in the negative which probably means they either didnt tie the dialysis bag tight enough or poked a whole in the bag. Also, some people didnt have enough  time to complete the experiment at the correct interval time.

Faust: A Legend of Modern Times Essay -- Literature Essays Stories

As the children of a melting pot culture of British, French and German influences, the American consciousness is uniquely poised to reflect upon the impact of one of the most prevalent and oft-retold legends of the modern age: Faust. German in origin but moreover a culmination of various historical figures and indigenous lore, the story of Faust is that of a man who sells his soul to the devil for youth, wealth, pleasure, power or whatever else the writer in question can think to attribute to him. The legend's themes touching so frequently on the subjects of the supernatural and the struggle of good and evil in a Christian mythological setting, it is little wonder that the story has caught the attention and inflamed the imagination of literally hundreds of storytellers from all over Europe and, more recently, North America. Enjoying in excess of five centuries of exposure through books, plays, opera and film, not to mention its basic concepts permeating to the depths of modern speech and expression, Faust is indeed one of the most notable singular legend of modern times. Yet Faust is a malleable figure, gaining influence just as much as it gave, to finally become an amalgam of half a dozen countries' sensibilities. Faust was also a real person. Although accounts vary, in his translation of Goethe's Faust (pub. 1803-1833; trans. pub. 1961) Walter Kaufman is able to pinpoint the real Johann Faust's birth to around 1480, in the town of Knittlingen, WÃ ¼rttemberg, near Stuttgart in modern-day Southeast Germany (12). He is thought to have studied magic -a field still regularly taught at many schools of the time-- at the University of Cracow in Poland, and is said to have been a colleague of Martin Luther and Phillip Melanchthon, alth... ...". Mystica, The. Paragraphs 3-9. 09 November 2003. Marlowe, Christopher. Doctor Faustus. Ed. Irving Ribner. New York: Macmillian Publishing Company, 1985. 87. Mason, Eudo C. Goethe's Faust: Its Genesis and Purport. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967. 389. McLean, Adam. "Alchemical Drama of Goethe's Faust, The". Alchemy Website, The. Paragraph 2. 27 November 2003. Montgomery, Paul. Review Notes and Study Guide to Goethe's Faust. New York: Monarch Press, 1963. 5. Nietzsche, Friedrich. "Wanderer and His Shadow, The". Gay Science: With a Prelude in German Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs, The. Trans. Josephine Nauckhoff and Adrian Del Caro. Cambridge University Press, 2001. 237. Young, T. Personal interview. Rec. 19 November 2003.

Comparison Of Good Clinical Practices Health And Social Care Essay

Good Clinical Practices are some of the guidelines to be purely followed while carry oning clinical tests on human topics. There are different GCPs which are fundamentally similar guaranting the well being of topics, and besides good and ethical behavior of clinical surveies of new drugs every bit good as approved drugs. Assorted calamities such as sulfanilamide calamity, Nazi homo trails, thalidomide calamity, and pox survey at Tuskegee lead to the creative activity of different regulations for conductivity of clinical tests and besides good clinical patterns. GCP is an international scientific for proper design, ethical behavior, and coverage of clinical tests affecting human topics. Basically it is a set for regulations that protect the human topics from any injury due to take parting in the survey and to mistakes and errors to maximum and minimum agony for the topics. FDA ( Food and Drug Administration ) expanded and included GMP in 1963, IRBs in 1973 and GCP in 1977.Duties:WHO GCP guidelines are divided into different chapters which describe duties of different personalities concerned with the behavior of clinical tests. The IRB/IEC is responsible for the safety, good being and safeguarding the rights of human topics. IRB is responsible for reexamining the proposal, test site, capable enlisting & A ; informed consent signature, amendments, research worker ‘s booklet, research worker ‘s CV etc. The research worker should be a qualified individual, exhaustively familiar with the investigational merchandise by the patron, audit and inspect the merchandise and conformity with GCP. Investigator has the duty of making indispensable paperss for two old ages after blessing of drug, documenting fiscal understandings with patron and research worker, happening of Serious Adverse Events, expiration of trails prematurely.MEDICAL CARE FOR SUBJECTS:A qualified medical practician should take test related medical determinations. If necessary the household physician of the topic should be informed about the topic ‘s engagement in test.INFORMED CONSENT OF SUBJECTS:The topics should be informed about the process both orally and visually and must acquire a signed informed consent signifier and this should be approved by IRB/IEC. An impartial informant is required in instance the topic could non compose and read.RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPONSOR:Quality confidence and quality control with SOPs, choice of research workers, delegating a proctor, information sing IP merchandise and its use, indemnifying topics, besides assists in the readying of presentment to reexamine board and to investigator.WHO GCP GUIDELINESIt is a set of guidelines globally applicable for the behavior of biomedical research of pharmaceutical merchandises on human topics. Biding these guidelines will assist in the common exchange of clinical research informations between interested states. States which do non hold their ain guidelines can follow WHO guidelines as a portion or whole, as a footing on which clinical tests will be conducted.PROVISIONS AND PREREQUISITES FOR A CLINICAL TRIAL:The clinical test should be ethically justified. It should be on the footing of ethical rules laid by the Declaration Of Helsinki, and the three chief rules of justness, beneficence and regard. There should be proper and echt Preclinical day of the month should to formalize the test. The research worker should be qualifi ed and adept to take up clinical research. The test should run into all the regulative demands.Protocol:The test should be held harmonizing to the written protocol signed by patron and research worker. The protocol appendices should be monitored and approved by the moralss commission.PROTECTION OF THE TRIAL SUBJECTThe personal unity and public assistance of the test topics as defined in the Declaration of Helsinki should be the chief concern of clinical test. Any alterations from DOH should be documented and reported. The moralss commission has been set up for the protection of human topics in test. The research worker and the patron must confer with and subject the proposed protocol. Apart from the blessing the moralss commission will make an on-going monitoring of the clinical test procedure. For the intent of guaranting safety of the test subjects a procedure called Informed Consent procedure is done and this IC papers should be submitted to the EC prior to the beginning of test. Informed consent should be given both orally and written and besides should acquire it signed. Any information that becomes available during the test which may be of relevancy to the test topic must be made known to the research worker. Apart from the test topic, legal defender and the household physician should be informed about the engagement of the topic in the clinical test. The research worker must keep confidentiality of the information sing the topics.RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR:Adequate medical attention for the topics is the duty of the research worker. He must be a qualified and experienced in the medical specialty or dental medicine harmonizing to the protocol and should hold a thorough cognition about the procedure of clinical test. The research worker is responsible for the choice of the test topics. Other duties of the research worker includes rigorous attachment to the accepted protocol, giving equal information sing the test to the topic, giving information about the merchandise to the staff, subjecting inside informations sing the test to the regulative authorization, guaranting the protocol has been reviewed and approved by the moralss commission, describing any serious inauspicious reactions to the patron and regulative authorization, accepting scrutinizing or review by regulative commissions and proctor, subjecting concluding study based on the test which is documented and signed by the research worker. The research worker must inform regulative authorization, patron and whomever applicable in instance of premature expiration of survey.RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPONSOR:The patron is responsible for the choice of research workers, conformity of the process with GCP, supplying investigational merchandise, supplying research workers with research worker ‘s booklet, supply of investigational merchandise, naming commission or members to oversee the test, supplying compensation to test topics in instance of inadvertent hurt being partic ipated in test, quality confidence, guaranting the readying of appropriate blessing of concluding clinical survey study for regulative governments sing the test. Amendments to the protocol which may impact the safety of the topic should be informed to the EC straight by the patron or through the research worker. If the patron wishes to end the survey the same must be informed to investigator and the authorization. The patron is responsible for the quality confidence of the trail guaranting that all the patterns are recorded and reported harmonizing to GCP and the protocol.RESPONSIBILITIES OF MONITOR:The proctor is a individual appointed by the patron and acts as a communicating between the patron and the research worker. He is responsible for supervising the advancement of the test, commanding the attachment to the protocol, guaranting the informations are right reported and recorded, corroborating the inform consent from the topics, appraisal of test site, educating the staff, assists the research worker in describing the information to the patron, information direction, guaranting right filling of CRFs, assists the research worker in advising the drug regulative of the clinical test and subjecting any necessary certification, record the inside informations of each visit to the test site and the phone calls made.Monitoring OF SAFETY:The patron should supply particular signifiers to describe i nauspicious effects. The national ordinances require patron and/ research worker to describe the inauspicious events to regulative authorization. The research worker has to describe any inauspicious events to patronize, regulative authorization every bit good as EC. During the test the patron is responsible for describing test related AE.Record KEEPING AND HANDLING OF DATA:The overall duty of truth and completeness of the study is on research worker. The record should be signed by patron, research worker every bit good as statistician. The research worker should keep a confidential record of unambiguous codifications to place the topics. Monitor should take steps to avoid losing of informations. The patron must be able to place the informations entered for each topic utilizing the codification ; besides he must do a list of individuals who are authorized to do corrections to the information. The patron has to retain all the paperss, protocols, certifications, review studies etc.Stat isticss AND CALCULATIONSIt should be done by a biostatistical expert. The certain codification used for blinding and randomisation should be with both patron and research worker.Handling OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUTSThe patron is responsible for the safety of the merchandise to be tested on human topics and should be of sanctioned quality. Everything sing the storage and despatch of the merchandise must be recorded and the research worker should non provide the investigational merchandise to anyone who is non supposed to have it. The patron is responsible for the proper packaging and labeling of the IP. The research worker has to utilize the merchandise harmonizing to the protocol and has to return the fresh merchandise. It is the duty of the proctor to look into the termination of the IP and should guarantee that it has non exceeded the day of the month of termination.ROLE OF DRUG REGULATORY AUTHORITYThey should guarantee that the proposed protocols are submitted in progress and are ap proved harmonizing to the national ordinances. They should measure the adequateness of oversing the test harmonizing to the studies of the proctor to the patron. They may transport out on site supervising.MULTICENTRIC TRIALSThey require particular administrative system which depends on the terminal point and the cognition of the IP involved. A coordinative commission could be set up with the duty of commanding the public presentation and advancement of test and keeping contacts with the drug regulative authorization.ICH GCP GUIDELINESPrinciplesClinical tests should be conducted in conformity with the ethical rules harmonizing to Declaration of Helsinki, GCP and the applicable regulative demands. Foreseeable hazards and incommodiousnesss should be weighed against the awaited benefits. The rights, safety, and wellbeing of the test topics are the most of import considerations Nonclinical and clinical information on an investigational merchandise should be equal for the test. Should be scientifically sound, and described in a clear, elaborate protocol. A test should be conducted in conformity with the protocol that has reviewed by IRB/IEC The medical attention should be given by a qualified doctor or a tooth doctor. Each person involved in carry oning a test should be qualified by instruction, preparation and experience. Freely given informed consent should be obtained from every topic prior to clinical test engagement. All clinical test information should be recorded and reported. The confidentiality of records that could place topics should be protected. Investigational merchandises should be manufactured, handled, and stored in conformity with GMP and used in conformity with the approved protocol. Quality confidence of systems and processs.IRB/IECThe IRB should dwell of at least five members from assorted Fieldss of life and qualified 1s. Its duties include: To see the makings of the research worker, Continuing reappraisal of each on-going test at intervals, Protection of the rights, safety and/or wellbeing of the topics, Consent of the topic ‘s lawfully acceptable representative, in instance of non curative tests, Reviewing both the sum and method of payment to topics to guarantee their safety and rights. Merely those IRB/IEC members who are independent of the research worker and the patron of the test have the right to vote or supply sentiment on a trial-related affair. It should work harmonizing to the written SOPs and should follow with GCP. IRB/IEC should do its determinations at proclaimed meetings at which at least a quorum, as stipulated in its written operating processs, is present. IRB/IEC should advise the patron in composing sing its test related sentiments, determinations etc. it should retain all the paperss.Research workerThe research worker should be qualified by instruction and preparation, and should be exhaustively familiar with IP. The research worker could implement alterations in protocol without anterior consent from IRB/IEC if it is believed to do inauspicious reactions and subsequently on informations has to be submitted with justification to IRB/IEC for reappraisal and blessing, to the patron and regulative governments. Research worker is responsible for obtaining IC. Non curative tests should be conducted with the consent of topic ‘s lawfully acceptable representative. When in exigency that could n't take consent of the topic, consent from LAR is necessary. Essential paperss should be retained for a lower limit of two old ages after the blessing or even longer period if insisted by the regulative demands.PatronThe patron is responsible for procuring understanding from all parties involved to hold a direct entree to all test related sites, paperss and repots for review by domestic and foreign regulative governments. Sponsor may reassign one or all of his test related responsibilities to CRO. He should denominate qualified medical forces. Sponsor may set up an independent information monitoring commission ( IDMC ) to measure the advancement of a clinical test. Any transportation of the ownership of the paperss should be decently documented and the patron should retain all patron specific papers s. The patron is responsible for supplying compensation to the topics, IP, IRB blessing. He appoints proctor, who monitors processs and studies.INVESTIGATOR ‘S BROCHUREInvestigator ‘s booklet is a digest of all clinical and non clinical informations on the IP provide by patron relevant to the survey merchandise on human topic. It should be simple, concise, nonsubjective and non promotional that enables the clinician or possible research worker to understand it and do his /her ain indifferent hazard benefit assessment rightness of the test. An extended IB is non required if the merchandise ‘s pharmacological medicine is widely understood by the medical practicians. It should be renewed yearly and reviewed harmonizing to the patron ‘s written processs. Sponsor should do certain that an up to day of the month IB is made available to the research worker. IB should incorporate a rubric page and a confidentiality statement. It contains table of contents, debut, belongingss of preparation, consequence on worlds, and counsel for the research worker.Essential DOCUMENTSEssential paperss are those which permit the rating of the behavior of the trail and the quality of the informations produced. They demonstrate the conformity of the research worker, patron and proctor with the criterions of GCP and other regulative demands. Essential paperss are inspected by regulative governments and audited by patron ‘s independent audit map. They are grouped into three subdivisions harmonizing to the phase of trail where in it is generated. One before the beginning of clinical test, the 2nd one during the behavior of the test and 3rd one after the expiration of test. Trial maestro files should be established at the beginning of the test, both at the research worker ‘s and patron ‘s office. A concluding stopping point out of the file can be done merely when both the research worker and patron files are re viewed by the proctor and confirmed that all necessary paperss are in appropriate files.INDIAN GCPThe clinical test should be supported by pre clinical informations on the IP back uping the proposed protocol. The protocol should incorporate an appropriate survey design, inclusion exclusion exclusion standards, quality control and quality confidence, ethical and safety considerations which includes the rule of essentialness, rule of voluntariness, IC and community understanding, rules of non development, rules of privateness and confidentiality, rules of safeguard and hazard minimisation, rules of professional competency, rules of answerability and transparence, rules of maximization of the public involvement and distributive justness, rules of institutional agreements, rules of public sphere, rules of entirety of duty, rules of conformity.ETHICS COMMITTIEE:They review and O.K. protocol. Harmonizing to Indian GCP the commission should consists of lower limit of 5 members and a upper limit of 12 to 15. There should be equal representation of age, gender, community etc. the ethical reappraisal should be done through formal meetings and consensus. The research worker should subject an application in the prescribed format along with the protocol at least 3 hebdomads in progress. The IEC should be able to supply complete reappraisal of the proposals and should inform their base by composing to the patron.INFORMED CONSENT AND SPECIAL GROUPS:In instance of non-therapeutic surveies the consent should be given by the topic. Pregnant or nursing adult females should non be a capable unless the research carries no more than minimum hazard. Research related to expiration of gestation could be conducted in adult females who wish to make MTP. Pregnant adult females can besides be included if he study is sing techniques to observe foetal abnormalcies. Children should non be included in research that could be carried out every bit good with grownups. IC should be obtained from parents every bit good from the kid and the kid should be made cognizant about the test procedure and his/ her refusal to take part in the clinical test is considered. Adequate justification is required while enrolling vulnerable topics.DutyThe patron is responsible for research worker choice. The patron should come in into a legal and formal contract with institute/ research worker, sing conformity with GCP, entering and coverage, scrutinizing review and monitoring. Sponsor has to corroborate the reappraisal by moralss commission, supply information on IP, providing IP, ongoing safety rating of the merchandise, safeguarding survey topics, turn outing ADR/ AE describing signifiers to the research worker, guaranting appropriate readying of survey studies, naming proctors to supervise the survey, executing audit as portion of QA system, particular agreements in instance of multicentric tests, make agreements to ease communicating between research workers of different test centres. If the patron is a foreign company or individual, it shall name a local representative or CRO to carry through the duties by national ordinances. The guideline mandates that the patron and the research worker should subscribe a transcript of the Standard Operating Procedures ( SOPs ) . Besides, the research worker and his staff have to be cognizant and comply with SOPs. Indian GCP demands that the research worker should subscribe and send on the informations like Case Report Forms ( CRF ) , consequences and readings, analyses and studies of the survey from his/her Centre to the patron and the moralss commission. Monitor should be to the full cognizant of the IP. He oversees the advancement of the survey, observe and describe the capable enlisting rate to the patron, aids investigator in describing he data to patronize, guarantee all CRFs are filled right, subjecting written study to patronize after sing each site, The research worker should hold makings prescribed by MCI. He is responsible for all survey related medical determinations, guaranting the blessing of protocol by moralss commission, indifferent choice of survey topics, answerability of IP at survey site, subjecting written drumhead of the survey study to patronize.RANDOMISATION AND BLINDINGDone to avoid prejudice and there are certain codification to place the topics which are unbroken secret during the survey and broken merely harmonizing to the protocol. The types of statistical analyses used must be clearly identified and should organize the footing of the survey.Particular Concerns:Clinical tests for vaccinumsSponsor and research worker should be cognizant of the procedure for carry oning clinical tests affecting vaccinums. They should be familiar with the guidelines provided by DCGI, DBT and GEAC. Subjects should be informed if they are injected with unrecorded or attenuated micro-organisms. There should be equal research lab i nstallations and besides installations for the laboratory rating of seroconversion. Blessing from IEC should be ensured by the patron. Post selling surveies are required following seroconversion surveies. Relevant information sing the quality control is compulsory.Clinical tests for preventives:Subjects should be informed about the options. Children borne due to failure of preventives should be medically followed. Proper followup for the remotion of implant is necessary if implant is used as a preventive for test.Clinical tests with surgical procedures/medical devices:Animal safety informations is required. Phase 1 tests are non required as tests with medical devices can non be done on healthy voluntaries. Safety processs should be followed for the debut of medical devices. Informed consent should be followed as in with drug tests.Diagnostic agents- radioactive stuffs and ten beams:Informed consent should be obtained and the topics should non be exposed to radiation more than that o f normal. Research should be done on patients undergoing processs for diagnostic or curative intents. Safety steps should be taken to protect them. Pregnancies should non be included to avoid hazards to embryo. Non radioactive diagnostic agents are considered as drugs and are to follow the same guidelines of drugs.Herbal redresss and medical workssPhase 1 surveies are non necessary and the plat and herbal redresss are presently in usage or mentioned in literature of traditional medical specialties and are prepared harmonizing to GMP. Toxicity surveies are non required for stage 2 tests if it is non found toxic when used for more than 3 months. Clinical tests with herbal merchandises should be carried out merely after standardisation and development of marker. Trails have to acquire blessing from regulative governments. Tests should be held in the presence of competent ayurvedic, siddha, unani doctor as co-investigator on in such a test.

Allusions in Arthur Millers “The Crucible” Essay

The Crucible contains many allusions, which is a reference to something supposed to be known, but not explicitly mentioned; a covert indication; indirect reference. Miller uses allusions to convey the theological beliefs and religious convictions of his characters. There is chaos in the town after the people there find out that there might be witches that inhabited the village. Abigail and her friends are accusing people of being possessed by demons. When Hale shows up he is convinced that there are witches in the town and believes Abigail. As Abigail walks through the crowd of people surrounding the courtroom where a meeting is being held all the people disperse away from her creating a pathway. In the Old Testament Moses comes to a sea and places his staff into the ground and suddenly the seas part allowing the Moses and the slaves to pass through the other side. When Abigail passes through the crowd, it opens up just like what had happened in the Old Testament. This also is irony because Millers audience that is reading the play knows that Abigail is making up these false accusations, but some people in the town believe her and are making her into some kind of religious figure. In the Crucible there is an allusion to Good vs. Evil. In Act III Danforth says, â€Å"a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it†(Miller 1137). The town is religiously and morally based so you are either classified under a believer or someone who believes in evil. The good people are seen as opponents of the court and the bad people are seen as proponents of the court. The irony in that is that the good people are treated like criminals and the criminals are treated like heroes. Miller uses allusion to portray Reverend Hale. In the begging of the play Hale came to the town and wanted to make the town pure once again. He believed in everything that Abigail and the girls said and questioned everyone that they had accused. Then he left for a while which was just like Jesus leaving and going into the desert for 40 days and 40 nights. When Reverend Hale returned he talked to John Proctor and believed him. This was like Hale went from this person who believed so much that there was witches in the town to coming to his senses and believing in the facts. We can  compare Reverend Hale to John Newton. Newton was a slave trader, who didn’t believe in God and was caught in a bad storm and called out to God for help and experienced what he was to refer to later as his â€Å"great deliverance†. After that he became believer and was baptized. So this man went form not believing to believing in god. John Proctor the protagonist in The Crucible could be compared to Jesus. In the last Act Proctor was faced with an important decision. Danforth offered Proctor a chance to get out of being hung but refused because he didn’t want them to make a mockery of him. So he took his punishment of death. He could have gotten out of being killed but did not because he knew what he was doing was right. Jesus knew the night before that the guards were coming to capture him so he could be killed. Jesus could have run and have gotten away but he made peace with God and died on the cross for our sins. When Abigail was accusing everyone in the town of being witches people were being hung without fair trials. This was like people in the early century being persecuted when they were completely innocent to begin with. In the end of the play people were started to realize that she was phony and she took off. The Crucible had a lot to due with people’s reputations than anything, which is a form of corruption, which we see a lot in these days. The Crucible contained many allusions that portrayed the bad characters in the play as religious figures. Being such as morally and religious based town he people who were innocent were seen as criminals through the eyes of the town because they believed in something that was truly evil.

Why The Driving Age Should Be Eighteen essays

Why The Driving Age Should Be Eighteen essays Why the Driving Age Should be Eighteen In most states the driving age is eighteen. Unfortunately, Louisiana is not one of them. But most of the time, younger drivers are too irresponsible. The driving age should be eighteen Certainly, teens do not pay attention and are easily distracted. Overall, teens have the highest fatal crash risk of any age group. The problem is worse among young teens, especially sixteen year olds, who have the least driving experience and are the most likely to take risk behind the wheel. Which is certainly It is certain that night driving is a high-risk activity for beginning drivers. The nighttime fatal crash rate is three times higher during the day. Fatal crashes occur more in this age group because young teens simply do not have the experience to make the correct decisions in sudden situations. Sixteen year old drivers have the highest rate of fatal crashes. Speed is definitely one of the problems. Also, they are more likely to have a fatal crash with other people in the car. It is even more risky when there is more than two or three people The driving age should be eighteen in all states. The reason it is important for the driving age to be eighteen, is most younger drivers do not pay attention and think they have to show off. In fact, they are most likely to run into a ditch or even worse, hit another car or be a cause of an accident. This combination cannot be left out! Young drivers and loud music! This is a hazardous combination. It is impossible to tell a teen the above facts, they know it all! ...

10 consejos para lotería de green cards gratis de USA

10 consejos para loterà ­a de green cards gratis de USA Todos los aà ±os se celebra la loterà ­a de green cards para Estados Unidos, conocida tambià ©n como sorteo de visas de la diversidad y la participacià ³n en la misma es gratuita. Para inscribirse, la pgina de internet oficial del Departamento de Estado se activa  este aà ±o el dà ­a 3 de octubre de 2018, a las 12 am hora EST, es decir, la de la costa Este de los Estados Unidos y se cerrar el 6 de  noviembre de 2018 a las 12 am EST. No se admitir ninguna solicitud enviada en papel, es decir, solo es posible participar por internet. No es necesario pagar a ninguna empresa, ya que cada solicitante puede aplicar por sà ­ mismo, una sola vez por aà ±o, en la à ºnica pgina oficial -la del Departamento de Estado- y gratuitamente. A continuacià ³n, todo lo que se debe saber antes de aplicar. 1.  ¿Cuntas tarjetas de residencia se sortean en la loterà ­a de visas de diversidad? Cada aà ±o fiscal se sortean 50.000 visas de diversidad, que se conoce por sus siglas en inglà ©s como DV pero que a pesar de su nombre son tarjetas de residencia. En octubre se abren los plazos para inscribirse y a principios de noviembre se cierran. En mayo del aà ±o siguiente comienzan a listarse los ganadores y a procesarse las tarjetas de residencia y en septiembre de ese aà ±o ya est acabada toda la tramitacià ³n para que los ganadores puedan emigrar a Estados Unidos. La razà ³n por la que el plazo se abre en octubre y se finaliza todo el proceso para los ganadores hasta del 30 de septiembre del aà ±o siguiente es porque en Estados Unidos el gobierno federal sigue lo que se conoce como aà ±o fiscal, que va desde el 1 de octubre al 30 de septiembre, es decir, no se corresponde con el aà ±o natural que va desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre. Asà ­, por ejemplo, en el 4  de octubre de 2018  es, para el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, el aà ±o fiscal 2019. Y se escribe FY2019  o FY19. Eso quiere decir que si una persona decide  participar en la loterà ­a dicho 4 de octubre de 2018, se registrarà ­a para la loterà ­a de diversidad del aà ±o 20, porque en octubre de 2018 que es cuando los ganadores podrà ­an ya emigrar a Estados Unidos, ya es el aà ±o fiscal 2019. Es confuso, pero es asà ­. Por eso se puede ver la expresià ³n DV2020, Diversity visa 2020, para la que hay que registrarse en octubre del 2018. 2.  ¿Quià ©nes pueden solicitar participar en la loterà ­a de visas? Este sorteo se conoce como loterà ­a de la diversidad. Su objetivo es provover la inmigracià ³n de paà ­ses con bajas tasas de migrantes. A consecuencia de ello, quedan excluidos de participar los ciudadanos de paà ­ses con ms de 50.000 nuevos inmigrantes en Estados Unidos en los à ºltimos 5 aà ±os, como por ejemplo Inglaterra, China o India. La lista de paà ­ses excluidos puede modificarse de aà ±o a aà ±o. En el sorteo de este  aà ±o  no pueden participar los nacionales de los siguientes paà ­ses latinoamericanos: Brasil, Colombia, El Salvador, Mà ©xico, Perà º y Repà ºblica Dominicana. Por nacionalidad en este contexto se entiende paà ­s de nacimiento.  Existen excepciones  por razà ³n de la nacionalidad de los padres o la del cà ³nyuge,   En ningà ºn caso pueden participar los indocumentados, cualquiera que sea su nacionalidad.   3.  ¿Es gratis participar? Sà ­, enviar la solicitud es absolutamente gratuito. Hay empresas que cobran por llenar el formulario. Pero es decisià ³n de cada participante utilizar esos servicios o no. Se puede hacer gratuitamente en la pgina oficial del Departamento de Estado. Sin embargo, si se gana el sorteo se deber pagar la cuota correspondiente a las visas de inmigrantes. Adems, Estados Unidos no paga jams por gastos de mudanza o ayuda econà ³micamente al nuevo inmigrante cuando llega nuevo al paà ­s. Hay que tener muy en cuenta que ciertos beneficios sociales como cupones de alimentos y Medicaid no aplican durante aà ±os a los inmigrantes adultos. Tambià ©n hay que saber que aunque se gane la loterà ­a es posible que el consulado niegue su aprobacià ³n por diversas causas, entre ellas se encuentra que se considere que la persona  puede ser una carga econà ³mica para el gobierno. 4.  ¿Quà © posibilidades tengo de ganar la visa de la diversidad? El total de visados se divide en seis zonas geogrficas correspondiendo un mayor nà ºmero a Africa, ya que es el rea con menos inmigrantes en Estados Unidos. Ningà ºn paà ­s puede obtener ms del siete por ciento del total de visas disponibles. Para hacerse una idea de quà © posibilidades hay estos son los à ºltimos datos oficiales de los resultados del sorteo de la DV de 2014, seà ±alando entre parà ©ntesis el nà ºmero de ganadores que posteriormente hicieron todos los trmites y obtuvieron la green card: Argentina (73)Bolivia (26)Chile (24)Costa Rica (25)Cuba (302)Ecuador ese aà ±o no pudo participar, pero este aà ±o sà ­.Espaà ±a (183). Entra en Categorà ­a EuropaGuatemala (44)Honduras (38)Nicaragua (2)Panam (7)Paraguay (1)Uruguay (9)Venezuela (802) Espaà ±a participa en el rea de Europa, mientras que los paà ­ses latinoamericanos y caribeà ±os forman una à ºnica zona geogrfica a la que le corresponde aproximadamente un dos por ciento del total de todas las visas de diversidad disponibles cada aà ±o fiscal. Se calcula que en Latinoamà ©rica, por cada ganador hay al menos 99 personas que no tuvieron suerte. 5.  ¿Cà ³mo puedo participar y cà ³mo me entero si he ganado? Cuando se abre el plazo - generalmente los primeros dà ­as de octubre- y sà ³lo en la pgina de internet del Departamento de Estado. Mucho cuidado con webs que casi copian a las oficiales y no lo son. Cuando acabas la inscripcià ³n vers un nà ºmero que debes imprimir y guardar. Sà ³lo lo tienes tà º y te permitir ir mirando, a partir del mes de mayo del aà ±o siguiente, si has ganado ingresando esos dà ­gitos en la pgina oficial del DoS para ese fin. Puede que tengas que verificar varios dà ­as, ya que no se cuelgan en la red todos los ganadores el mismo dà ­a. Jams habr una notificacià ³n por correo electrà ³nico. Si recibes una, son falsas, no pagues absolutamente nada y denuncia los casos de estafa. No permitas que te estafen. 6. Si gano,  ¿quiere eso decir que tengo seguro una tarjeta de residencia? No, y por varias razones. Algunos de los ganadores se lo piensan mejor y deciden no emigrar a Estados Unidos. Tambià ©n es frecuente que el consulado encuentre que se ha utilizado fraude en la solicitud, anulando el resultado. Pero es que adems de ganar es siempre necesario ser  admisible para emigrar a Estados Unidos. En algunos casos, si no se reà ºnen los requisitos ser posible solicitar un perdà ³n o waiver para la residencia. 7. Si gano,  ¿quà © familiares me pueden acompaà ±ar? En primer lugar, el esposo o la esposa. Tiene que ser un matrimonio vlido, no es suficiente una unià ³n de hecho. Puede tratarse de un matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer o de uno entre lesbianas o gays, ya que desde junio de 2013 el gobierno federal de Estados Unidos reconoce los mismos derechos a las parejas heterosexuales y a las homosexuales. El esposo o la esposa pueden ser de un paà ­s excluido de la posibilidad de participar en la visa. Simplemente ganarà ­a la tarjeta de residencia como cà ³nyuge de un ganador/a. Tambià ©n podrn emigrar con el ganador los hijos biolà ³gicos y adoptados asà ­ como los hijastros que està ©n solteros y tengan menos de 21 aà ±os en el momento de rellenar la solicitud para participar en la loterà ­a. Entre los requisitos para que la aplicacià ³n sea vlida es la de listar a todos los hijos vivos menores de esa edad, excepto los que ya vivan en EEUU como residentes permanentes o ciudadanos americanos. Si no se incluye un hijo, y luego se gana, todo el proceso se anular y no se obtendr la green card. 8.  ¿Quà © derechos tendrà ­a como residente permanente? Los principales son vivir y trabajar en Estados Unidos. Si bien hay una serie de responsabilidades que cumplir como pagar impuestos o tener la residencia habitual en USA. Y hay que tener muy claro que no se es ciudadano americano y que hay importantes diferencias. 9.  ¿Me puedo hacer ciudadano americano? Sà ­, mediante la naturalizacià ³n los residentes permanentes se convierten en estadounidenses, siempre y cuando cumplan una serie de requisitos y se respeten los plazos, que varà ­an segà ºn los casos. 10.  ¿Participar en la loterà ­a de la diversidad me puede causar algà ºn problema? Lo cierto es que no hay una respuesta absoluta, pero sà ­ que hay un riesgo, aunque pequeà ±o. La razà ³n es que cuando se participa en este sorteo se est diciendo que se tiene intencià ³n de emigrar a Estados Unidos. Y la solicitud es ingresada en la base de datos a la que pueden acceder los consulados, el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y los oficiales de las aduanas. Y esa intencià ³n de emigrar a Estados Unidos contradice la ley de algunas visas no inmigrantes como la de turista y la de estudiante, que dicen que el beneficiario no puede tener intencià ³n de emigar. Y de ahà ­ puede surgir el problema. Esto no quiere decir que si se participa en la loterà ­a el solicitante no va a poder obtener una visa o que la que ya tiene se va a cancelar o a no renovar, pero sà ­ que debe saberse que los oficiales consulares y las aduanas tendrn en cuenta la participarcià ³n en el sorteo a la hora de decidir si conceden una peticià ³n de visa o permiten la entrada a Estados Unidos de un extranjero. Cà ³mo solicitar la participacià ³n en la loterà ­a de visas Este es el enlace a un paso a paso de cà ³mo aplicar para la loterà ­a de visas y que contiene un acceso a la pgina oficial y gratuita para inscribirse. Recordar que solo se puede acceder a la pgina oficial del Departamento de Estado a partir del martes 3 de octubre de 2017.   De interà ©s para potenciales inmigrantes Una de las principales razones por las que se decide emigrar a los Estados Unidos son las econà ³micas, por esta razà ³n se considera de interà ©s saber cules son las 10 nacionalidades de hispanos en Estados Unidos ms exitosas econà ³micamente, cunto ganan y dà ³nde viven. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

The Irish Famine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Irish Famine - Essay Example The famine, which is also referred to as The Great Hunger, and The Bad Life, and its impact was terrible in terms of demographic decline, triggering off the mass emigration. From a prominent exporter of food, Ireland was reduced to the most unenviable position with its people, leaving the homeland, dying under deplorable conditions on the way to England, Scotland or America or any country that they could find a way to. Ograda writes the book with the intention of providing 'fresh perspectives by an explicitly interdisciplinary and comparative approach comparing the Irish famine with the Third World Famines'. He says one of the main differences between the two is while Irish famine killed people in a large scale and other famines did not, at least not to that extent, though all famines produce individual tragedies. Unlike today's famines that usually happen in the impoverished areas, Irish famine was in the prosperous hub, which Prince Albert called 'the workshop of the world'. (p.5). The pleas for help were treated with the philosophical context, when the Economist answered the requests with a curt "It is no man's business to provide for another.' (p. 6). It was also treated as a natural retribution that the Irish should suffer as a penance. "Many people in high places in both London and Dublin in the 1840s believed that the famine was nature's response to Irish demographic irresponsibility, and t oo much public kindness would obscure that message" (p.6). Potato had been cultivated more as a garden crop in Ireland and an average yield of approximately 6 tons per acre was recorded just before the famine. It was believed that Ireland was highly suitable for potato cultivation due to its acidic soil, damp, temperate climate. When the famine happened, the country was unprepared to a calamity of that scale, and landlords most of them living in England, belonging to the noble cause, could not, or did not do enough to help their farmers. Even though this is the popular conception, Ograda argues that most landlords themselves were insolvent and they were not in a position to help their tenants. During the famine, a large number of landlords lost their ownership of the land. There were other problems like over-cultivation of a rage of potato varieties, adverse consequences of industrial revolution, confiscation of the land in the earlier centuries that left the ownership in the hands of British landlords etc. When famine started and the early deaths were reported, the official reaction was to call for the verification of deaths. An enormous crisis was simmering and by late 1840s 'famine symptoms of wandering beggars, roadside deaths, rising crime rates, poorly attended burials, widespread panic about contagion, and mass evictions were commonplace throughout most of the country'. The situation raged for another five years, unabated and Ograda says that the long-lasting nature of the famine led to compassion fatigue and charitable donations dropped steadily while land clearance and emigration reached a massive scale. Prevention strategies included initially identifying the most vulnerable poor and help them through the relief committees established by the Poor Relief (Ireland) Act of 1838. Admission into the workhouses rose ominously; but the representatives of Board of Guardians refused more money for relief measures. Relief Commissioners and